Sustainable Coffee Market Essay Example for Free

Sustainable Coffee Market Essay1.1 Company overviewOur society CoffeeTime go away be established in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. This is due to the fact that the highest proportion of deep brown consumption within Europe is in the S hatfuldinavian countries, followed by the Netherlands, Belgium and capital of Luxembourg it would on that pointfore be efficient to establish the company in Rotterdam. This wholeows for a relatively central base with strong ties to other European countries to import/ export and transport the hot chocolate.As a company we would like to do business as sustainably and fairly as possible. Due to fair care, we would like to jock our suppliers by giving them the opportunity to produce at reasonable costs and in addition help ourselves by selling the drinking chocolate at reasonable prices. Fair cover to a fault includes an educating sytem for our employees and tribe related to the company, such as coffee farmers and even consumers. This system i s utilise to prove that h starst and good pure tone products do not learn to be expensive. With this in mind there it can create a positive effect in our products which will be of arrive at to everyone.The coffee will be produced and exported from Brazil to the Netherlands. Brazil was chosen due to the fact it is one of the best places in the world where coffeebeans are produced in relatively surroundings all toldy pally circumstances. Indonesia, India, Kenia, Liberia and Mexico were further alter inherings for CoffeeTime. However Brazil was chosen as it is single-handedly responsible for about a third of all the coffee in the world, as it is worlds largest coffee producer.Furthermore, there is already a Fairtrade policy applied in that area of South America by many companies, which is still ongoing and can be of benefit for the objectives of our own company. Another reason why it is attractive to do business in Brazil, is because of the logistics. Brazil has the largest port of all South America, named Port of Santos. From there on the coffee can be shipped easily to the biggest port in Europe, situated in Rotterdam where CoffeeTime have decided to establish the company. This can be seen as an advantage for both countries due to having innovation hubs.CoffeeTime wants to produce and sell the most popular coffee known on the target trade The Arabica and Robusta. However, each one of those beans can be used to provide divergent flavours of coffee, depending on the several techniques that are used for making coffee.1.2 Mission and vision1.2.1 MissionThroughout all of our business activities we want to ensure honest dealing with customers and suppliers while offering impartial advice to be play along the best sustainable Coffee chain. We want to use our market position of CoffeeTime to benefit our customers by offering a world class coffee experience at an affordable price.1.2.2 VisionTreating eachother fairly can help maintaining a good relationship. Cof feeTime believes in creating an alternative way of helping the world right now and always in the future, by doing fair business from farmer to consumer.1.3 Corporate ObjectivesThe objectives which we stand for are related to our mission and vision as well as to benefit all stakeholders, by providing a sustainable coffee market, now and in the future Become a leading coffee brand in order to change the market and influence Non- Fair trade coffee multinationals to go produce fairly. Focussing on improving the environmental, social and economic conditions, as well as protecting and improving the natural environment and insuring the labour rights and health of local communities. Branding CoffeeTime as a sustainable essential, Fair trade coffee brand on the market.1.4 Keys to SuccessCoffeeTime has to realise that succes can only be achieved by being the best in what you do. After all, coffee is a resource intensive industry. It takes an incredible amount of energy to produce, transpo rt, roast, demo and brew coffee. Committed to preventing an ecological footprint, CoffeeTime will continuously strive to find new ways to restrict the impact on the environment, from production to consumption.Therefore it is of topmost importance for CoffeeTime to invest in the following Provide an education for the farmers to help them at produce the coffee in a more optimised way. To have and economise a fair price for the coffee for everyone. To keep providing the best quality coffee. Make sure that every aspect of the product is produced in an eco-friendly way. For example, the packaging should be recycled so it can be reused wherever possible. To have good transportation by sea with providing the least harm to the enivronment due to fuel of the ship etc. Chapter 2 Product and services2.1 Product and service descriptionCoffeeTime will import from Brazil the finest selection of Arabica beans. In simple terms this means Arabica is well-bred in the shade and Robusta is not. Th e culture of the Robusta beans are a dispensation in the culture of the traditional coffee in which coffee is cultivated under the cover of the native rain forest trees. In the 70s, a system of new farm was promoted but the result was that weve seen shaved forests and coffee trees planted in dense rows. These short-term farms of monoculture produced more coffee, but it had a add consequences for the environment, with soil depletion, accelerated erosion and pollution of streams.From here out CoffeeTime will produce a number of different flavours, such as extra strong, strong, regular, decaf etc. Producers are forced not to overuse pesticides or insecticides. In fact, 70% of Fair Trade products come from organic agriculture. This approach to sustainable development is supported by the explicit prohibition of the use of GMOs in products. Part of the price paid by the closing customer represents a premium (between 5 and 10% of the price paid by the consumer). The latter is used collec tively for social projects of various natures that benefit not only small farmers but also their families and the environment. The cooperative may decide to invest in a training program on organic farming, pretend a school or hospital, to restore a drive or set up a transport service.2.2 Competitive ComparisonThe four study roasters Kraft, Nestl, Procter Gamble and Sara lee(prenominal) have little reflected this decline but profit margins remain high Nestl makes a margin estimated at 26% of the instant coffee. The benefits of Sara Lees coffee are estimated at almost 17%, which represents a very high figure compared to other brands of food and drinks.2.3 Sales LiteratureIf people are sensitive to the approach and initiative, they will adhere to it quite naturally. The Sales aim is to target the niche market and to propose to our clients a wider offer which also corresponds to both modes of consumption in different social classes. additively, by selling our products we will not only provide a flavoursome product, but also inform customers about the product itself and how it is made. In Brazil, the production of coffee will not harm the environment ,(organic, wild harvest, farming) and it is important for our customers to know this . This method will therefore allow the customers of CoffeeTime to be involved in the process and feel valued as a consequence. The import of coffee from Brazil will be done in the most direct way possible to avoid costly middlemen, allowing to better pay artisans and producers.2.4 Sourcing and fulfilmentPart of the price paid by the final customer represents a premium (between 5 and 10% of the price paid by the consumer). The latter is used collectively for social projects of various natures that benefit not only small farmers but also their families and the environment. The cooperative may decide to invest in a training program on organic farming, build a school or hospital, to restore a drive or set up a transport service.2.5 T echnologyThe technology used by the company will include the use of partially automated selecting machines which will allow for increased production capacity with a lower machine-to-operator. Additional storage capabilities will decrease shipping charges and will reduce the need for permanent shipping employees. High-technology information system upgrades will improve all aspects of business, particularly inventory control, tracking of shipments, and communication with clients in import and export countries.2.6 Future Products and ServicesIn the future CoffeeTime will develop and produce a number of different types and flavours of coffee. In addition to Arabica and Robusta, we will also import from Liberia the Liberica coffee. The Coffee Liberica tree grows up to 9 metres in height, producing larger cherries than those found on genus Coffea Arabica trees. This coffee was brought to Indonesia to replace the Arabica trees killed by the coffee rust disease at the end of the 19th centu ry. It can still be found in split of Central and East Java today.The Liberica coffee will also be produced in different strengths and varieties of coffee.Chapter 3 Market Analysis Summary3.1 Market questionAccording to the Daily Dutch News, the Netherlands is one of the countries with the highest coffee consumption in the world. The Dutch are also world leader in sustainable coffee drinking. About half of the consumed coffee is sustainable. On the average the Dutch drink almost 150 litres of coffee per year and about three cups a day. The brand coffee shop market in the Netherlands saw a growth of 27 per cent in outlet numbers in October 2011. The market forecasts a growth of 13 per cent per annum until 2014. We see a huge advantage in the Dutch coffee market. There is a huge demand for our sustainable coffee and CoffeeTime would like to satisfy this need. However, there are a number of competitors in the market such as the Dutch market leader Douwe Egberts.12 3.2 Market targetsA s a company who sells coffee, the main target audience of CoffeeTime are coffee consumers and consumers of warm drinks. Considering that coffee is not suitable for children, our target base consists from young adults (age 18) to the elderly (everyone above 18). There are many under aged Dutch citizens who also drink coffee, but as coffee is actually meant for adults it will be also treated and promoted by our company as such. Coffee is a product which is drunk by all genders and classes and in all work fields. In fact, the majority of our target group drinks coffee during work. Most consumers still buy their coffee in supermarkets, therefore is it important that our coffee is on hand(predicate) in supermarkets such as Albert Hein, Plus, C1000 and Bas van der Heiden.3 3.3 Environmental/ industry analysisWhen sustainable coffee was introduced, the average consumer had a vague notion that the quality of sustainable products was acceptable. When companies started to offer it the Dutc h consumers went along with the choice of the companies, rewarding them by remaining faithful to their brand.In recent years, the sustainable coffee market portion in the Netherlands has risen rapidly. Nearly half of the consumed coffee in the Netherlands is produced in a sustainable way.According to the report Zuivere Koffie (Pure Coffee) from Oxfam Novib, 45% of all coffee which is consumed by the Dutch people is sustainably produced. 40% of all coffee in the Netherlands is UTZ advised.2Sustainability is important in the Dutch coffee market. Many players of the sector, roasters, supermarkets, but also NGOs and the Dutch disposal have been long working together on raising consumer awareness and increasing the share of sustainably produced coffee.The Royal Netherlands Coffee and Tea Association (KNVKT) decided to come about a collective boost to move towards sustainability. They are doing this by consolidating their commitment in a Declaration of Intent. The Dutch Ministry of Ec onomic Affairs and Agriculture, several semi-governmental platforms, certifiers, sustainability initiatives and NGOs including UTZ CERTIFIED do support this. It is expected that three quarters of the Dutch coffee supply will be sustainable by 2015. 3

Data Manipulation Essay Example for Free

Data Manipulation EssayThe prorogues undeniable in the agreement will be Customer, Products, module and salary. The individual fields in each give in will be as followsCUSTOMER (CustomerID, Surname, FirstName and customer address)PRODUCTS (ProductID, Title, Description, Type and Amount)stave ( moduleID, Name, address and contact number)STAFF SALARY (wages per hour, hours per day and age per week) in that location will be devil topics produced. To produce a report for the ingatherings purchased a query will be place to combine the selective in trackation from the customer add-in and the increase table. The drug user will be able to specify the products bought by a customer with the entire number calculated to give the customer benefits of getting more offers.The second report will print the amount of salary each staff earns per hour, hours/day and days/week. The user is asked to enter the StaffID and name to enter its informationbase.OutputThe two reports should b e able to be viewed on screen with an option of printing it as well. The product purchased report should be printed so that they go off give some discounts on particular customers who shop a lot at the store. The staff salary report should also be printed before any meetings so that they can decide on who to get paid more and who shouldnt.Backup / Security StrategyThe main(prenominal) computer that has all told the data needed should be backed up on a CD every week or even when a large amount of data has been input to the system. This CD should be kept away the main computer incase of a fire, theft or flood.There should be password security on the system so that people cannot hack into it. approach has a password protection before entering the data so that no one can hack into it.Part ThreeInitial DesignsForm DesignThere will be 4 forms for the data entry.Frm CustomerThis form will be used for entering customer items. My initial design is shown belowFrm ProductThis form is used to enter all the products available at the store and the prices of each product.Frm StaffThis form will be used to enter the staff details.Frm SalaryThis form will be used to enter the salary of each staff working in the store.Report DesignThere will be 2 reports. These can be either printed or viewed on screen.Report customer listThis report will come from a query, which combines data the customer table and the product table. The user will be able to enter the Customer name to enter the report for the customer reportThis initial design is shown belowReport Staff SalaryThis report will show how a staff details and how much they earn and how are they rated between 1 to 5 stars for working. Mr. Smith can rate this every week.Menu DesignThe menu structure for this system will look like thisUser Feedback on Initial designsThe initial designs were shown to the omnibus of the store for his feedback and approval. Mr. Smith had the following comments and suggestions I have looked at your designs very carefully and they appear to be useful for me and I did however think of 1 or 2 changes that could perhaps change1) The product sheaths should include which category it is in such as racing, shooting. It would also be easier and helpful if everytime you dont have to type in what category it is in.2) Can the 2 reports be printed all together with a click of a button because it can be time go through3) Can you also do something that can calculate the amount of the products and salary for the staffFinal DesignTable designFour tables are required in this system. They are related as followsThe tables are defined as followsForm DesignThe form designs were amended in accordance with Mr. Smiths suggestions and final designs are shown below. There is a combo box added for the category of the product, which can be easier to select the category instead typing it all the time.Query DesignI will need to create 2 different queries. These will form the sources for my reports.QryCus tomerlistThis query will combine data from 2 tables. Using the customer table and product table. It will ask the user to give the customer name. This will past be asked to find out the customer details or the product details.For e.g. Enter Customer name QryStaffSalaryThis query will combine from the two tables, which are the staff table and the salary table. It will ask the user to enter the staff name to see the list of that particular staff detailFor example enter staff name ImplementationWe will be using Ms Access to make the system needed. I will show in steps how to create this type of a system.First readable Ms Access then you will see promptly the very(prenominal) way I need to enter 30 customer listat once we can type the detail of 30 customers without entering the product IDWith the same way I also need to create the product table. subsequently creating it the design looks like thisNow I need to enter the details of the productsNow we k in a flash the product ID so then I will need to add them in the customer table which does not need to be in an order because a customer may want something else.Now we need to create the relationship between these two table.Like these tables I created I will need to create another 2 more. After creating the table page will look like thisAfter creating the staff tables I now need to create the details of them.Now for the staff salary table I need to enter the detailsNow I need to create the relationship between the Staff and the Staff Salary the same way as I did for Customer an Product. So open the relationship windowNow as I have created the relationship between the staff and staff salary when I will open their table it will showAfter creating the tables I now need to create 2 query.Now I need to create a edict for which the system can calculate the total amount of the product from the quantity boughtNow for calculating the VAT on these products I will doNow I need to calculate the bill amount, which is, Amount a dds the VAT.To check if these formulas work I will now test the systemAfter seeing the amount formula working I will now need to save the work and so I willThis is how it will look like when it closes the queryFor the same way I need to create another query, which relates with staff salary and after it has been done it will look like thisNow that Tables and Querys are end I now need to create forms.Now need to align these in orderNow I need to create title for the form . so I need to open the toolbox.It will look like this when I open the toolboxthen where it says Aa click on it and make a box on the formNow I need to type in the title name.Now I have to organize the cheek and the font sizeNow I need to create command buttons for the system.After creating the commands I now need to create a the background colournow I need to save this formFor the same way I will create another 4 forms and after I created it, it looks likeNow I need to create reportsNow finally I need to create a main Menu, which indicate the user to use the system easily. Main Menu will also be create in the Form

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Engineering Essay

vantages And Disadvantages Of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Engineering EssaySolid oxide discharge cells (SOFCs) ar a class of device which make conversion of electrochemical force out to electricity with negligible pollution1. SOFCs have two major configurations flat two-dimensional and tubular and the SOFCs system consists of a galvanic pile that is made of many unit cells. Each unit cell is represent of two porous electrodes, a unhurt ceramic electrolyte and interconnects. Unlike otherwise fuel cells, the SOFCs demeanor oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode through the electrolyte, and hydrogen or carbon monoxide reacts with the oxygen ions in the anode2. The materials of anode and cathode have different requirements the anode should survive a very reducing graduate(prenominal) temperature environment whilst the cathode has to survive a very oxidising high temperature environment3.Among all the important fuel cells under development, the solid oxide fuel cells operate at the highest operating temperature, typically between 600 and 10004. So the SOFCs has also been called the third-generation fuel cell technology because it was expected to be put into performance astray after the commercialisation of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) (the first generation) and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) (the second generation)2. The solid oxide fuel cell is composed of all solid components with the electrolyte acting as an oxide ion conductor and operating at high temperature (1000) in order to ensure adequate noodle and electronic conductivity for the cell components5.1.1.1 SOFC Advantages and DisadvantagesSOFCs have a offspring of advantages due to their solid materials and high operating temperature.Since all the components argon solid, as a result, there is no need for electrolyte loss maintenance and also electrode corrosion is eliminated6.Since SOFCs argon operated at high temperature, expensive catalysts such as platinum or ruthenium are totally avoided2, 6.Also because of high-temperature operation, the SOFC has a bring out ability to tolerate the presence of impurities as a result of life increasing6.Costs are reduced for privileged reforming of natural gas6.Due to high-quality waste heat for cogeneration applications and low energizing losses, the efficiency for electricity production is greater than 50and even possible to reach 652, 6.Releasing negligible pollution is also a commendable reason why SOFCs are popular today5.However, there are also some disadvantages in existence for deteriorating the performance of SOFCs.SOFCs operate high temperature, so the materials utilize as components are thermally challenged5.The relatively high cost and complex fabrication are also significant problems that need to be solved6.1.1.2 SOFC ApplicationsDue to the advantages mentioned above, SOFCs are being considered for a wide range of applications, such as working as actor systems for trains, ships and vehicles supplying galvan ising power for residential or industrial utility2, 7.1.1.3 SOFC Components and ConfigurationsA SOFC system is composed of fuel cell stacks, which consist of many unit cells. there are two major configurations, tubular and platelike, being pursued, described generally as follows.Tubular unit cell is shown in Figure 18, 9. The schematic illustrates the fit current flow direction and components.According to X. Li2, due to easy stacking consideration, recently more and more tubular cells have the structure of cathode inside and anode outside the electrolyte layer.The planar unit cell has a flat structure with a bipolar arrangement, as shown in Figure 210.Seung-Bok Lee at el.11 reported that since the more potent current collection by planner interconnects, planar SOFCs have superiority in power density. On the contrary, the thermal and mechanical properties of tubular SOFCs are better than that of planner SOFCs.Table 12 lists a comparison of the two different SOFC cell configuratio nsTable 1 A comparison of the two different SOFC cell configurations2AdvantageDisadvantageEase of manufacturingEdge current collectionTubularNo need for gas-tight cell sealingLow-power densityLess thermal quip due to thermal expansion mismatchHigh materials costLower fabrication costHigh temperature gas-tight sealingPlanarEase in flow arrangementHigh assembly effort and costHigher power densityStricter requirement on thermal expansion matchAn SOFC stack consist of many unit cells, which are connected by interconnects. Figure 312 illustrates image of planar SOFC stack.1.1.3.1 CathodeThe typical material for the cathode is strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (La1-xSrxMnO3, x=0.10-0.15), because of its swell electrochemical activity for oxygen reduction, high electronic conductivity, good stability2, 4.Other materials, like platinum and other noble metals have also been considered as candidates of the SOFC cathode due to the highly oxidising environment. However, considering the high cost of platinum, it is not best choice to use this metal as the cathode.1.1.3.2 AnodeThough as for the cathode, precious metals like platinum can be used for the SOFC anode, the most widely used material is a nickel-zirconium oxide cermet, i.e. a mixture of nickel and yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) skeleton2. About 20-40 porosity in the anode structure is good for mass expatriation of reactant and product gases1, 2. Nickel plays the role as the electrocatalyst for anode reaction and also can conduct the electrons produced at the anode whilst the yttria-stabilised zirconia is used for conducting oxygen ions2.1.1.3.3 Electrolytethither are a number of materials that can be used for the SOFC electrolyte. Among them, yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ), i.e. zirconia doped with around 8 mol yttria and gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) is the most widely used materials suitable for the SOFC electrolyte. GDC has very good ionic conductivity, only when it also shows a high electronic conducti vity5. Compared with GDC, YSZ is stable in either reducing or oxidising environments and has a good conductivity to transmit ions, especially at sufficiently high temperature. But unlike GDC, YSZ shows little or no capability to conduct electrons. Each time two yttria ions (Y3+) replace two zirconia ions (Zr4+) in the zirconia crystal lattice, three oxide ions (O2-) replace four O2- ions, which make one O2- range become vacant, as shown in Figure 45.The vacancies are determined by the amount of yttria doped. So it seems superficially that the more yttria doped, the better the conductivity. But there is an velocity limit for the amount of doped yttria, which is shown in Figure 55. The peak conductivity appears at yttria concentration of 6% to 8 mol%.Very thick-skulled YSZ has a very low gas permeability, which does not allow the reactant gases to mix. However, since YSZ has a low ionic conductivity, in order to ensure the ohmic loss and match with other components, it has to be ma de close 20-50 m thick 1, 2.1.1.3.4 InterconnectsInterconnects are used to connect the neighbouring cells. Materials which act as interconnect must have properties of high electronic conductivity1. Ceramics are usually used for the interconnect since the operating temperature is around 1000. Mg-doped lanthanum chromite, LaCr1-xMgxO3 (x = 0.02-0.01) shows advantages because its electronic conductivity typically increases with temperature2. However, although noble metals have good electronic conductivity, their high price limits their becoming a candidate for the interconnect 2, 4.1.1.5 Electrochemical ConversionThe air is carried to the cathode and the oxygen reacts with electrons from the external circuit yielding oxide ions2, 4Cathode O2 + 2e- O2- (1)The electrolyte does not permit the oxygen pass through it, save the oxide ions migrate from the electrolyte to the anode. At the anode hydrogen or carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen ions to produce water or carbon dioxide2, 4Anode H2 +O2- H2O + 2e- (2)CO + O2- CO2 + 2e- (3)This releases electrons to move through the external circuit to the cathode, thus generating an electric current.So the overall cell reaction occurring is2, 4H2 + O2 H2O +Waste Heat + electric automobile Energy (4)CO + O2 CO2 +Waste Heat + Electric Energy (5)The electrochemical conversion is shown in Figure 613.1.2 Electrolyte Materials1.2.1 ZirconiaZirconia is a egg white ceramic, with the properties of high temperature, wear and corrosion resistance, high melting take down and low coefficient of thermal expansion. Historically, the application of zirconia has been in refractory and ceramic paints2. However, with the development of good technologies, due to its stabilised and excellent properties mentioned above, it can be used as electrical conductivity material in the solid oxide fuel cells, wear split and sensors.Zirconia can exist in three different crystal structures monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic. At room temperature, it na turally exists as the form of the monoclinic crystal clear structure. When the temperature reaches around 1100, the crystal form changes to tetragonal, and then to cubic at about 237014. Pure zirconia is never used because of its unstable properties, so many dopants are added to stabilise the high temperature forms and hence avoid the damaging tetragonal to monoclinic transformation, e.g. MgO, CaO, Ce2O3, and Y2O3. Of these, yttria is the most common dopant, yielding yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ).1.2.2 Yttria Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) and the marrow of Different Yttria ContentsYSZ is considered to be an important electrolyte material for solid oxide fuel cells. The proportion of yttria in YSZ is still under research, but is often around 8 mol%. This yields a cubic fluorite-structure YSZ, which displays good thermal stability, good ionic conductivity at high temperature and a thermal expansion compatibility with electrode materials15. However, it is mechanically light(a) as a result of the high fraction of vacancies present in the structure.Different amount of yttria in zirconia has different effect on the properties of YSZ, including ionic conductivity, toughness, fracture strength etc16. 8 mol% yttria stabilised zirconia (8YSZ) has a cubic structure with properties of high ionic conductivity, good chemical stability but its low mechanical strength, limits the fabrication17, 18. However, for 3-7 mol% Y2O3, both cubic and tetragonal phases exist in the microstructure. Table 219 lists comparison of phases for different yttria concentration in zirconia.Table 2 Phase variation for different concentration of yttria in zirconia19%Yphase2YSZTetragonal with some monoclinic3YSZPure tetragonal4.5YSZCubic and tetragonal6YSZ and highercubicIf the YSZ has a great volume fraction of metastable tetragonal phase, which will provide good mechanical properties (strength and toughness) to the ceramic16. For example, 3 mol% yttria stabilised zirconia (3YSZ) has an excellen t mechanical properties of high flexural strength and good fracture toughness. M. Ghatee et al.16 also demonstrated that 3YSZ shows higher electrical conductivity than 8YSZ at T550C. That is because the activation heartiness of electrical conductivity for 3YSZ is lower than 8YSZ at all temperatures. And the strength of the material is determined by grain size and flaw size16.1.2.3 Nanostructured ZirconiaNanostructured ceramics are expected the come particle size is less than 20nm20. And recently, nanotechnology have drawn much attention because of the good mechanical properties, i.e. increasing of hardness, strength, of the materials in nano-size. It is reported that the electrical conductivity of nanostructured YSZ is about 2-3 orders of the magnitude larger than that of microcrystalline YSZ15.Since nanostructured YSZ has many advantages, the development of nanocrystalline YSZ electrolyte grows rapidly. Y. subgenus Chen et al.15, has synthesised nanocrystalline YSZ electrolyte vi a the plasma spray technique.1.3 Characterisation of YSZ1.3.1 Ionic ConductivityConductivity is a measurement of whether charges transport well or not. Ionic conductivity is derived fromion mobility rate, which is determined by carrier concentration c and carrier mobility u, which is shown in Equation 1 5.(1) 5where is the charge number of the carrier,is Faradays constant.1.3.1.1 AC Impedance SpectroscopyElectrochemical ohmic resistance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used technique for differentiating different losses, i.e. anode activation losses, ohmic losses and cathode activation losses. Impedance, Z, a judgement of the capacity of a system to resist current flow relates to variation of time and frequency. It is given by the following Equation 25Z = (2) 5Where V(t) is time-dependent voltage = V0 cos()i(t) is time-dependent current = i0 cos()V0 and i0 are the amplitudes of voltage and currentis radial frequencyis phase shiftIt often uses sinusoidal voltage perturbation, V = V0co s(), dominating responded current, i = i0cos(), to measure impedance. So according to Equation 2, impedance Z is written by Equation 35Z = = Z0 (3)5Ionic conductivity is often investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Temperature and frequency are important factors which should be controlled accurately21. Measurements are often processed using platinum electrodes, in air. The YSZ electrolytes are coated with platinum paste on both sides. Two platinum wires which adhere to each side of the YSZ electrolyte were connected to the frequency response analyser. And the measurements are carried out under the temperature range of 200-1000C21, 22.1.3.1.2 4-Probe Method4-point investigation method is used to measure the electrical impedance of YSZ. The configuration of the 4-point investigating shown in Figure 723, is composed of four independent electrical terminals, the two probe (A and B) are used to provide current whilst the potential drop is measured by the inner terminals (C and D)23, 24 .Figure 7 Principle of 4-point probe technique23And the face concussion should be ensured when the measurement was made25. According to H. Kokabi23, before measurement, the following two assumptions must be processedThe area of measurement is uniformThe diameter of the contact point is far less than the distance between two probes.1.3.1.3 Sintered Density and Grain Size Effect on Ionic ConductivityAccording to X.J. Chen et al.21, ionic conductivity can be divided to two parts intragranular conductivity and intergranular conductivity. The former one is related to density, while the later one depends on the grain size and grain demarcation line. Intragranular conductivity increases with increasing density, and intergranular conductivity increases with the sintering temperature till 1350, then drop down21.It is reported that high densities and small grain sizes can cleanse the electrical and mechanical properties of YSZ26. In the case of the porosity, 10%, can has great reduction fo r conductivity because the pores hinder the conduction way between grains26. On the contrary, the fully dense YSZ has a maximum conductivity.Han et al.27 said that the grain boundary motion induces grain growth, which is driven by two processes grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary migration. They both make densification increase, but the latter one gives rapid grain growth22. So if dense sintering with little grain growth needs to be achieved, hindering grain boundary migration, whilst keeping grain boundary diffusion active, is a good method. The activation energy for grain boundary migration, which is the least energy to ensure migration occurring, is higher than that for grain boundary diffusion. So as D. Mland22 suggests, it is better keeping the sintering temperature to no more than 1300C, which means that grain boundary migration is inhibited, but grain boundary diffusion is active.

Positivist and Interpretivist Research

Positivist and Interpretivist research soft search put forward be defined as, A multi-method in focus, involving an witnessive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative look intoers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in term of the meanings stack bring to them. Qualitative look involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials case study, personal experience, introspective, life story interview, observational, historical, interactional, and optic texts-that describe routine and problematic moments and meaning in individuals lives (Denzin and capital of Nebraska, 1994). Qualitative inquiry emphasizes qualities of entities the processes and meanings that occur natur completelyy (Denzin Lincoln, 2000).Qualitative research methods wee-wee for many years make a significant contribution to management research. In this essay, I critically evaluate Gepharts paper on qualitative research, where he writes pertaining to traditional research methods such as advantageousness and post positivism, interpretive research and critical postmodernististism. In the second part of the essay, I evaluate David Silvermans On Finding and Manufacturing Qualitative information from the book A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book active Qualitative interrogation where his methodology merges with the two methods highlighted in Gepharts paper.Gephart in his paper brings to light three main research traditions used in management research. They be positivism and postpositivism, interpretive research and critical post modernism, which have evolved from the behaviourist and cognitive perspectives of qualitative research. In this part of the essay I shall give an overview about the three research traditions and the distinctions between them.Positivist and post plus research traditions explicate from the behaviourist perspective of qualitative research which is based on the experience of consistent sexual congressships. The term positivism was first introduced by Auguste Comte, Our article of belief is unmatched which renders hypocrisy and oppression alike impossible. And it now stands forward as the result of all the efforts of the past, for the regeneration of regularize, which, whether considered individually or socially, is so deeply compromised by the anarchy of the present time. It establishes a primeval principle by which true philosophy and sound polity are brought into correlation a principle which can be felt as well as proved, and which is at once the recognisestone of a system and a basis of government. (Auguste Comte, 1798-1857).A major dogma of logical positivism is its thesis of the unity of experience (Hempel, 1969 Kolakowski, 1968). In its broadest sense, positivism is a position that holds the goal of knowledge. In a positivist view of the world, experience is seen as the way to get at truth , to understand the world well enough to predict and control it. In other words, Positivism assumes an a priori (truth) which is determin competent through methodical, rigorous, careful observation that can be proven through testable and repeatable methodologies.A post-positivist might begin by recognizing that the way scientists think and cut back and the way people think in their everyday life are not distinctly different. It can be defined as, non-foundational approach to human knowledge that rejects the view that knowledge is erected on absolutely secure foundation for there are not such things Post-positivists accept fallibilism (the philosophical doctrine that absolute knowledge is impossible) as an unavoidable fact of life (Phillips Burbules, 2000). It is characterized by a more nuanced belief in an ontologically realist out there veracity that can only be known within some level of probability (Groat Wang, 2002). Additionally, Post-positivists concede that the experimen tal methodologies employed in the natural sciences are often inappropriate for research involving people (Groat Wang, 2002). Within Post-positivist methodologies, the researcher is autonomous from the subject of inquiry, objectivity is important, and the inquirer manipulates and observes in a dispassionate, objective manner. This perspective assumes modified experimental, manipulative methodologies that can include some(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative practices (Denzin Lincoln, 2003). Positivism and post-positivism are al just about similar, the only difference is, Post-positivism takes into account the reprehensions against and weakness of the rigidity of positivism, and now informs much contemporary social science research, including reality-oriented qualitative inquiry (Patton, 1990). informative research tradition arises from the cognitive perspective of qualitative research which is based on shared intelligence and awareness of fourfold social and organisational realities. The foundation assumption for interpretive research is that knowledge is gained or at least filtered, through social constructions such as language, consciousness, and shared meanings (Klein Myers, 1999). In gain to the emphasis on the socially constructed nature of reality, interpretive research acknowledges the intimate relationship between the researcher and what is being explored, and the homeal constraints shaping this process. Interpretive research traditions take the position that humans are social animals that live in societies and as such investigate and interpret lived experience and their inter inhering realities (Bruce H. Rowlands, 2005). Interpretive researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings participants assign to them (Orlikowski Baroudi, 1991). Unlike atoms, molecules and electrons, people create and attach their own meanings to the world around them and to the behaviour that they manifest in that world (Schutz, 19 73). Interpretive studies assume that people create and associate their own subjective and inter-subjective meanings as they interact with the world around them.Positivism and Interpretive research can be distinguished as objective versus subjective (Burrell Morgan, 1979), nomothetic versus idiographic (Luthans Davis, 1982), quantitative versus qualitative ( cutting edge Maanen, 1979), outsider versus insider (Evered Louis, 1981), and etic versus emic (Morey Luthans, 1984). full of life postmodernism transcends mere description or reconstructs reality and derives meaning from situations through its critical approach. Critical postmodern system is about the play of differences of micro political movements and impulses of ecology, feminism, multiculturalism, and spirituality without any unifying select for theoretical integration or methodological consistency (Boje, Fitzgibbons Steingard, 1996). Critical postmodern is definable as the nexus of critical theory, post colonialism, critical pedagogy and postmodern theory (Boje, 2001). Critical postmodern theory is a way to get a clearer understanding of the relation between modern and postmodern, and take a Deleuzian expedition into the middle of the hybridity of pre-modern, modern, and postmodern (Boje, 1995). Critical postmodern spatial theory privileges the lived spatialities of left-margined communities as sites of socio-spatial critique. A postmodern identity politics enacts critical postmodern spatial theory by nurturing the development of, and solidarity between, counter publics, which are subaltern community spaces where private spatialities of alienation are brought to public discourse (Allen, 1999).This tradition is focused on how meanings and reality are shaped over time and seeks to uncover and understand the historical evolution of these meanings, practices, contradictions and expose recondite inequalities in societies.The five distinguishing characteristics of the three research traditions (i ) positivism and post positivism (ii) interpretive research and (iii) critical postmodernism, are as follows.First is in terms of the underlying assumptions about reality. Positivism and postpositivism adheres to realism and curse on the assumption of an objective world external to the mind that is reverberateed by scientific entropy and theories interpretive approach proceeds through the protagonism of relativism with investigation proceeding with selective information derived from interlinking circumstanceual realities so that data holds both objective and subjective characters while critical postmodernism adheres to historical realism or the assumption that material or symbolic reality comprised by multidimensional values that crystallizes over time so that the investigation involves the collection of objective and subjective data.Second is in terms of the goal of the investigation. Positivism and post-positivism proceeds with the goal of discovering truths, interpretive re search is in line with the goal of describing and understanding of meanings, and critical postmodernism is control by the goal to uncover hidden interests and contradictions in order to arrive at criticisms that in rung facilitate change.Third is in terms of the tasks intricate in the investigation. Positivism and postpositivism involves the identification, explanation and control of variables directed towards the verification of hypothesis or non-falsified hypotheses, interpretive research applies through producing descriptions of members meaning and definitions of situation in order to have a clear understanding of the manner that reality is constructed, while critical postmodernism involves the task of determining insights from the structures of relationships and historical changes that reveal contradictions.Fourth is in relation to the unit of analysis of the research traditions. Positivism and postpositivism utilises variables as the core unit of analysis, interpretive resea rch focuses on verbal and non verbal actions, while critical postmodernism centres on contradictions, criticism, signs and symbolism as key elements of the research. Variables become the core unit of analyses because of their objective reality. Verbal and non verbal are the units of analyses in interpretive research because of their subjective nature. Conflict, criticism and symbolism are the core unit of analyses of postmodernism because these elements appropriately capture historical realism.Fifth is with regard to the focus of the methods. Positivism and postpositivism involves the discovery of facts and the comparison of these facts with predefined hypothesis or propositions, interpretive research does not predefine dependent or independent variables, does not set out to test hypotheses, but aims to produce an understanding of the social context of the phenomenon and the process whereby the phenomenon influences and is influenced by the social context (Walsham, 1995), while crit ical postmodernism involves the derivation and understanding of historical evolution of meanings, conflicts and inequities evolving through time as the method of data gathering and analyses.Since positivism and post positivism involve objective reality, the methods that apply in these research are those useful in gathering facts while methods able to derive meaning appropriately applies to interpretive research and critical postmodernism because these should be able to capture subjective realities in order to derive meaning.Over the blend in generation there has been a shift in qualitative methods, from a scientist-oriented research, toward a more dynamic representational strategy .Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Antipositivism was perhaps the first movement to challenge the rigid nature of dominant Positivism. Early Antipositivists like Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), Heinrich Rickert (1863-1936) and later, Max Weber (1864-1920), addresses the Positivist failure to apprecia te the fundamental experience of life, and instead favour physical and mental regularities, neglecting the meaningful experience that was really the defining characteristic of human phenomena. Adorno, 1969 (cited in Fuchs. C Sandoval. M., Positivism, Postmodernism, or Critical possible action? A Case discover of Communications Students Understanding of Criticism) stresses that positivism is only oriented on appearance, whereas critical theory stresses the difference between shopping center and appearance. Above all, critical theory, poststructuralism, and postmodernism are effective as critiques of positivism, interrogating taken-for-granted assumptions about the ways in which people write and read science (Stockman, 1984). Such opinions against positivism atomic number 82 to a breakthrough from positivism to other research traditions such as interpretive research and critical postmodernism which meet the needs of current researchers.In contradiction to Gephart, Silverman take s a rather interpretive and critical postmodernist stance when writing his piece about manufactured data and found data. Silverman in his paper uses Sacks insights to condescend the positive things that can be learnt through observations (found data) and the critique view on the use of interview data (manufactured data). He also states that researchers prefer to manufacture data using artificial research settings such as interviews and focus group which use pre-determined research questions. Manufacture of data to event a specified research problem is precisely the method which quantitative or positivist researchers prefer as explained by Gephart. Alternatively, course occurring (found) data arises from being aware that the research situation is not straight forward as eliciting data from interviews. Indeed collecting data through reading, looking, listening, facial expressions, sights, sounds, smells etc are taken into account. It provides a broader perspective of the research pr oblem in hand when compared to manufactured data. info manufactured through interview talk is approached with very different expectations, this can be explained by, The meaning of an answer is not a straightforward matter of external or internal reference, but also depends on the local and broader discursive system in which the phonation is embedded (Wetherell potter around, 1988). Positivist might interpret interviews in a different manner when compared to interpretive and critical postmodernist.Positivist researchers believe that their research methods and data mirror reality. The positivist researcher might strive to discover objectively the truth hidden in the subjects mind, Rather than an interviewee providing prepared/manufactured responses to standard questions designed to be unbiased and neutral, we strive to engage in social construction of a narrative with our participants. In this way we hope to activate the respondents stock of knowledge. (Richie and Rigano, 2001 744, cited in Post-Positivist Approaches To Research Anne B Ryan). We regard ourselves as people who conduct research among other people, learning with them, rather than conducting research on them (Wolcott, 1990). Researchers dont ask themselves is this the truth? Rather, we talk about the issues raised during the interviews, the participants reactions, and our variants of these interwoven ideas. In this context, it seems right to open up the interpretive discussions to our respondents, not for them to confirm or disconfirm them, but to share our thinking and how the ideas might be used. (Richie and Rigano, 2001 752, cited in Post-Positivist Approaches To Research Anne B Ryan)Use of manufactured data in qualitative research might make the respondent bias his result, as give tongue to by Crotty (1998) Leading to the epistemological idea that the very act of observation causes a particle to behave differently. Sacks states that, we can treat what people say as an account which positi ons itself in a particular context. Here the researcher is viewing what people say as an activity awaiting analysis, thus the researchers interpretations play a key role in manufacturing data. Bringing such subjectivity to the fore, backed with quality arguments rather than statistical exactness (Garcia Quek, 1997).Many researchers have criticized the use of manufactured data in qualitative research, which is the positivist view as stated by Gephart and the greater use of naturally occurring data or found data which is the interpretivistic approach. The defunct sociable Scientist Test describes manufactured data as, The test is whether the interaction would have taken place in the form that it did had the researcher not been born or if the researcher had got run over on the way to the university that morning(Potter, 1996). In all research, the choice of data depends on the research problem. Equally, there is no question that all polarities should be investigated particularly wher e, as here, they involve an appeal to nature (Speer 2002). As Kuhn (1964) stated in his publication The structure of Scientific Knowledge, scientists work withinand are constrained byprevailing paradigms while questioning the alleged objectivity and value-free neutrality of scientific discovery.Interpretive approach is synonymous with ethnography. Doing ethnography is doing an interpretation of the behaviour of human subjects in their local settings. Interpretivistic do not reject the concept of a real world out there but presented the reality which mattered most and they try to understand the respondents response in their own terms. Researchers are the measuring instruments and their understanding will derive from personal experience rather than manipulation of variables, as Hirschman(1986) puts it, personally experienced knowledge serves as scientific data. Reality has to be constructed through the researchers interpretation and ability to communicate the respondents reality hence the researcher has to be a part of the research to conduct a successful research. Qualitative researchers can access naturally occurring data by finding everyday features in extraordinary settings, this is an interpretive approach.Naturally occurring data can serve as a wonderful basis for theorizing about things that the researcher would never imagine. What ordinarily happens in the world around us means we can start with things that are not currently imaginable, by showing that they happened (Sacks, 1992). Sanday (1979) states that, empathy and identification with the observed people are needed to go about the understanding held by the human subjects. Geertz says that, the trick is not to get yourself into some inner correspondence with your informants. The researcher uses ethnography and manages to interpret an individual behaviour in such a way that it no longer appears to be absurd but appears rational. A successful interpretation is one which makes clear the meaning originall y present in a confused, fragmented, cloudy form.. what is initially strange, mystifying, puzzling, contradictory (for the researcher) is no longer so, is accounted for (Taylor, 1979).As stated by Potter (2002), naturally occurring data opens up a wide variety of novel issues that are outside the prior expectations embedded in interview questions. In addition to the interpretive approach through the critical approach, the researcher is able to delve into the determination of differential characteristics, nature of conflict, aspects underlying differences and conflicts, and consequences of differences and conflict which help to address the issues that arise in naturally occurring data. With these types of information derived through the application of critical postmodernist tradition, the investigative approach is able to assess data and explain reasons for these differences and conflicts that in turn catalyses the determination of solutions that leads to eventual change.It can be su pported as with the following evidence. Critical postmodern theory is a way to get a clearer understanding of the relation between modern and postmodern, and take a Deleuzian journey into the middle of the hybridity of pre-modern, modern, and postmodern (Boje, 1995). A critical postmodern project can move us beyond exploitation, racism, sexism, and abuse by reframing and restoring organization theory away from its patriarchal lingo in order to reaffirm social justice, equality, democracy, and the wonders of multiplicity (Boje, 1995 1004). In a critical postmodern theory, such as Tamara, we can explore the micro-practices of organizational life, as well as contextualize the stories of the marginal Other, within the workings of a post-industrial go forth and distribution chain addicted to sweatshops, and the cover-stories produced and distributed by the postmodern storytelling organizations that turn out consumer identities and spectacles for mass consumption (Boje, 1995 998-2). On t he plus side, there is always impedance to the forces of global and individual domination and exploitation that stem from the strange hybridity of premodern, modern, and postmodern organizing amalgams. Ultimately, the criticism provides insights into historical events to catalyse change that should be for the betterment of relationships and systems.It can be summarised that good qualitative research is difficult and challenging to undertake. Data manufactured through artificial research settings such as interviews and focus groups restricts the information on hand(predicate) to the researcher and it also leads to biased results since the respondent is aware of the researchers need. The positivist researcher might strive to manufacture data by discovering objectively the truth hidden in the subjects mind while interpretivist tries to collect naturally occurring data by understanding the respondents response in their own terms. Reality has to be constructed through the researchers i nterpretation and ability to communicate the respondents reality hence as Silverman states the researcher has to be a part of the research to conduct a successful research.Thus naturally occurring data (interpretivist) is more suitable for qualitative research than manufactured data (positivist) because,Naturally occurring data does not flood the research setting with the researchers own categories (embedded in questions, probes, stimuli, vignette and so on)It does not put people on the position of disinterested experts on their own and others practices and thoughts.It does not croak the researcher does not leave the researcher to make a range of more or else problematic inferences from the data collection arena to topic as the topic itself is directly studied.It opens a wide variety of novel issues that are outside the prior expectations embedded in, say, interview questions.It is a rich record of peoples living their lives, pursuing goals, managing institutional tasks and so on. (Potter,2002)Ultimately the type of data used in qualitative research depends on the research topic hence researchers prefer to combine and test their observations by asking questions from the research sample.REFERENCESJournal ArticlesAgger.B., 1991. Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, Postmodernism Their sociological Relevance. Annual Review Social, 17, pp.105-31.Allen S. Lee.,1991. Integrating Positivist and Interpretive Approaches to Organizational Research, Organization scholarship, 2(4), pp.342-365.Boje, D. M., 1995. Stories of the Storytelling OrganizationA postmodern analysis of Disney as Tamara-Land. Academy of Management Journal, 38(4), pp.997-1035.Boje, D. M., Fitzgibbons, D. E., Steingard, D. S., 1996. Storytelling at Administrative Science Quarterly Warding off the postmodern barbarians. pp. 60-92.Boje, D. M., 2001c. Tamara Manifesto. Tamara Journal of Critical Postmodern Organization Science (Online). 1, pp.15-24. Available online at http//www.zianet.com/boje /tamaraB oje . D. M., 2001. Carnivalesque Resistance To Global Spectacle A Critical Postmodern Theory Of Public Administration. Administrative Theory Praxis, 23(3), pp.431-458.Evered, Roger. Meryl R. Louis., 1981. Alternative Perspectives in the Organizational Sciences query from the Inside and Inquiry from the Outside. Academy of Management Review, 6(3), pp.385-395.Fischer. F., 1998. Beyond Empiricism Policy Inquiry In Postpositivist Perspective. Studies Journal, 26(1), pp.129-146.Fuchs.C. Sandoval. M., Positivism, Postmodernism, or Critical Theory? A Case Study of Communications Students Understandings of Criticism. Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, 6(2).Gephart R., 2004. Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal. Academy of Management Journal, 47(4), pp.454-462.Hirschman, E., 1986. Humanistic inquiry in merchandise research philosophy, method, and criteria. 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Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), pp.520-526.Walsham, G., 1995. Interpretive Case Studies in IS Research Nature and Method. European Journ al of Information Systems, 4(2), pp.74-81.BOOKSBurrell, Gibson. Gareth, Morgan., 1979. Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis. London HeinemannCrotty, M., 1998. The Foundations of Social Research Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process. London Sage Publications.Denzin, N. Lincoln, Y. S., 1994. Introduction Entering the field of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin Y. W. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research 1-17. guanine Oaks, CA Sage.Denzin. N. K. Lincoln, Y. S., 2000. Introduction The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds), Handbook of qualitative research. 2nd ed. 1-28. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Denzin, Norman., Guba Lincoln., 2003. Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions and Emerging Influences in The Landscape of Qualitative Research Theories and Issues. 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Theories o/Modernity and Postmodernity . Newbury Park, Calif SageTaylor, Charles., 1979. Interpretation and the Sciences of Man., R. Rabinow W. Sullivan (Eds.), Interpretive Social Science, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA University of California Press, pp.25-71.Wetherell, M. Potter, J., 1988. Discourse analysi s and the identification of interpretive repertoires. In Antaki, Charles Editor. 1988. Analysing everyday experience A casebook of methods Sage, London, England, pp. 168-183.Wolcott,H.F., 1990. Writing up qualitative research. Sage publications, 20.ONLINE ARTICLESAnne. B .R., Post- Positivist Approaches To Research. http//eprints.nuim.ie/874/1/post-positivist_approaches_to_research.pdfBoje.D., 2001. What is Critical Postmodern Theory? http//business.nmsu.edu/dboje/pages/what_is_critical_postmodern.htmTrochim. W., Positivism Post-Positivism www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/positvsm.php

The Development Of Womens Football

The Development Of Womens FootballEngland is known for the home of football, however, womens football still fools very little public recognition. Unlike countries much(prenominal) as Norway, Ger many a(prenominal), and the USA, which are considered to be some of the leading womens football nations, Womens football in England receives much lower status, popularity and recognition. This essay will look into the history of womens football, how womens football is open to the media, the relationship amidst womens football, government and economics and finally the impact that womens football has on society today.The first English womens football aggroup, The British Ladies, was founded in 1884. However, the real(a) foundation st 1 for womens football was laid during World War 1. By the end of the 19th century, in that respect was a multitude of new jobs for working menage women who were called up to work in factories and who played in organised teams to raise money for the war effo rt. gumshoe Kerrs ladies went on to be one of the most boffo ladies football teams in the 19th century. Pfister et al (1999) explained that The development of Dick Kerrs ladies exemplifies that the standard of womens football had risen considerably since its early years and players now trained regularly and systematically not simply in order to improve their condition but to a fault to refine their ball skills and practice tactical moves.In 1920, Dick Kerrs ladies were appointed to become Englands national football team, the popularity of womens football continuously progressed and by 1921 there were 150 womens football teams in England. As a result of the ontogenesis popularity of womens football, it was seen as a threat towards the domination of football by men. This led to FA campaigning against womens football. The FA lead false accusations towards the womens bouncy, accusing them of misuse of charity money and hapless financial management as well as having opinions on m edical and moral factors that should prevent women from playing football. The following resolution was adoptedComplaints having been made as to Football being played by women, Council feel impelled to express their strong opinion that the mettlesome is quite unsuitable for female persons and should not be boost (Williamson, 1991).In December 1921 womens football in England was finally banned. They were banned from playing on FA league grounds and any officials, trainers and clubs were suspended for being involved in womens football. Between 1921 and 1972 the womens game was forced underground and the women continued to play without a league structure.As a result of the England mens team winning the world loving cup in 1966 the renaissance of womens football started to begin and on the 1st November 1969, the Womens Football Association of England was founded as the successor of the English Ladies football association. In 1985, the womens England team triumphed in the Italian Little World Cup and then won for a second time in 1988. However in 1991, cod to the rapid harvest-feast of participation, the increased administrative requirements, and the strong tradition of volunteerism, the downfall of the WFA began. In November 1993, the FA merged the WFA. As a result womens football began to improve under the FA. For example, Umbro and Adidas began to supply womens teams with equipment, players started to receive a daily allowance of 15, and the leagues became more structured.In 1993 when the FA in like mannerk over there were approximately eleven thousand registered female footballers. Today, there are over 100,000 registered female footballers. Yet despite this rise, it still lags coffin nail countries such as the United States where there are 7.8 million players. For a country which claims the beautiful game as its heritage, why is it that the US women are more revered to womens football than our own? (Dhaliwal, 2005)One of the main issues with womens footba ll is the lack of media exposure. One of the most influential elements of the citizenry media is Television, however it has generally denied power to women through its exclusionary approach, in particular it has neglected women by its failure to televise womens team sports.In the womens football season 20011-2012, only 5 league games were shown on ESPN and the FA Cup final which was shown on Sky Sports. Controversially the FA cup final which took place on 26th May 2012 between Birmingham City Ladies and Chelsea ladies was cut short as Sky Sports chose to switch from live transmission of that match to the build-up for the League One play-off final. A scheduling blunder by Sky meant that when Birmingham City Ladies scored a late equaliser in extra time to take the match to penalties meant that it would clash with the build up to the Mens League one playoff final. The mens league one play off build up was deemed to be more important that the womens FA cup, which in mens football is on e of the considerablegest competitions in English football. The Liverpool Ladies captain, Vicky Jones (2012) uttered her views questioning Would this guide happened for the Mens FA Cup FinalAnother issue with the media in womens football is the lack of female presenters. Woodhouse et al (2005) maintain that skys live coverage is too important to be given up to female presenters who may fracture the strongly masculinity and technocratic discourses set up by the ex-players and current stars who provide the desktop debates to live matches. Men here are simply assumed to be experts. It was only in 2007 where Jacqui Oatley became the first ever female commentator for the BBC. However, again there was controversy when Dave Basset (2007) a former footballer and manager declared i will be changing channels when Oakleys voice comes on channelise because in order to commentate you must obligate an understanding of the game and tactics, and in order to do that you need to have played the game.In 2011 a similar incident occurred when Richard Keys and Andy Gray had made sexist comments made about female referee Sian Massey. They had later been sacked from sky for these comments.Sexism has unceasingly played a huge part in football in England ,this is because football has always been seen to be a typical mans game. On the other hand in many other countries such as Italy, Sweden and the USA womens football is accepted and football is seen as a national sport that is not male dominated or controlled. Jackie Bass (2012) Regional Club Partnership Manager of football stated Sexism in football is like its the final discrimination act that not only exists but is deemed acceptable to exist.Newspapers- female journalists, how much is published?Currently, the womens football premier league main sponsorship is Tesco, and the main sponsorship for the FA Cup is Eon. The national team receives their championship from primary winding sponsors such as Umbro which is shared across t he senior, under 18 and under 16 teams.As a result on the FA being responsible for the funding of all areas of English football, it is hard to find specific funding on womens football. However, head of the national game Kelly Simmons (2012) statedFA spends approximately six million a year on England, FAWSL pyramid, FA Womens cup and talent development. Sport England receives the funding from the lottery well causes scheme. Approximately two million pounds a year is provided for the centres of excellence, however they have also invested 25 million over four years into grassroots which is for both boys and girls. The FA invests 50m a year into childrens and grassroots and its all boys and girls and therefore impossible to break up out. The Government also gives Football Foundation 10m a year for grassroots facilities. Again this is very difficult to divide out as it mainly goes to big pitch sites and school sites where all men, women, boys and girls play. Although the English FAs fi nancial support for the womens game has increased over the years (from 150,000 in 1993, 310,000 in 1995, 530,000 in 1997, and estimated up to a Million will be funded in 1999), this amount is still one hundred and thirty times less than the FA sends on mens football. (Lopez, 1996)Some womens football teams also receive great support from mens clubs financially, however some clubs are not as supportive offering little help other than with provision of team kit.One of the most supportive clubs is Arsenal FC, they not only provided great financial support but also enabled the womens team to have access to good facilities, the mens training grounds and occasional use of the Emirates stadium. Faye White (2006) recognised the financial commitment from the mens club as having been very good over the years and always improving, which had been a factor in the teams success. On the other hand there are a number of mens professional clubs such as Manchester United and Fulham FC, which have wit hdrawn funding from their respective womens teams.Minister of sport, Hugh Robertson (2006) believed clubs which were in a position to pay high wages and which benefited from substantial funding from sponsorship and broadcasting rights deals had a slice of social responsibility to share some of those proceeds with womens football clubsGovernment initiativesIn October 2012 the FA launched a new initiative for the development of womens football called The Game Changer.This is due to the incredible year of womens football that has driven t a lot of interest into the sport. The GB Womens football team made their way to the quarter finals in the Olympics. in addition to this the England Womens team qualified unbeaten for the 2013 UEFA European Championship Finals in Sweden, with the final two home games broadcast live on cislunar television. Finally, the second season of The FA WSL was completed.FA Chairman David Bernstein said Womens football is the area with the most potential for gro wth in the nations favourite game.The FA will make these key commitments such as Creating an Elite Performance Unit (EPU) and appoint a Head of Elite Development, the EPU will develop the best young players via the talent development way of 31 Centres of Excellence, 29 player development centres and elite performance camps. The game changer will also Deliver a new commercial system for womens football For the first time in FA history there will be a distinct commercial programme for womens football to help the game have a clear identity and become financially more sustainable. The commercial rights for England Women, The FA Womens Cup and The FA WSL will be sold separately from rights for the mens game to entrap a clear identity in a crowded sports marketplace. Finally, more broadcast coverage will be secured and strong commercial partnerships forged to go up the profile of the womens game.Another of The game changers goals are to expand the FA WSL. To do this the FA will introd uce an FA WSL2 in 2014 to enable promotion and relegation, expanding a competition format.Finally the game changer will aim to Grow Participation. FA Chairman David Bernstein (2012) expressed that he wanted womens football to become the second largest team sport (currently fourth behind mens football, cricket and rugby).after mens football by 2018 based on independent Sport England research, with 253,600 women playing football each month .

Capital Punishment Essay - Death Penalty is Neither Cruel Nor Unusual

shoemakers last Penalty is Neither Cruel Nor UnusualA man sits immobile in a steel chair with a metal cap resting on his bald passing play. A priest reads selections from the Bible telling him he will go to nirvana if he confesses his sins to God. The man just smiles as the security guard pulls the switch, and one thousand volts of electricity flows through the mans body. His entire frame shakes in convulsions as his issue bobs up and down with the shock. In a couple of seconds the mans life is over. The priest prays, makes the sign of the cross on his chest, and, turning slowly, walks out the door. Capital punishment has been about for m each years and has spanned m either centuries. Between 1927 and 1963, the U.S. had used capital punishment, or legal execution by lethal injection, electricity, hanging, gas chamber or sac squad, for certain federal offenses. The federal and state death penalty was voted unconstitutional in 1972 by the United States Supreme Court. In 1976 the Supreme Court passed a bill allowing the death penalty in those states that accepted it. Because of a drug-kingpin conspiracy in 1988, the federal death penalty was approved, but had to be consistent to the 1976 ruling. An coach-and-four crime bill was passed in 1994 to improve the federal penalty for about sixty different crimes. Some of those crimes include murder of government officials, murder for hire, any misdemeanor crimes, much(prenominal) as kidnapping or sexual abuse crimes, resulting in death and also some crimes not resulting in death such as the running of a large drug operation (Amsterdam). The great writ, which is Latin for you have the body, lets a federal judge leaven convictions in state courts. Over fifty cases have been reviewed for such things as lack of ... ...Bryan Stevenson. People. November 27, 1995. pp. 71-76. Haag, Ernest van den. Executing Juvenile Murderers Is Just. The dying Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991 . pp. 82-85. Klaidman, Daniel. The with child(p) Writ Hit. Newsweek. May 6, 1996. pp. 72. Lewin, Tamar. Punishable By Death Who Decides Who Will Die? Even Within States, It Varies. New York Times . February 23, 1995. SIRS. Pakaluk, Michael. Christians Can Morally Support The Death Penalty. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991. pp. 67-73. Steffen, Lloyd. The Death Penalty Is Unjust. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991. pp. 61-66. Sullum, Jacob. The Death Penalty Is Just. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991. pp. 57-60. Capital Punishment canvass - Death Penalty is Neither Cruel Nor UnusualDeath Penalty is Neither Cruel Nor UnusualA man sits immobile in a steel chair with a metal cap resting on his bald head. A priest reads selections from the Bible telling him he will go to nirvana if he confesses his sins to God. The man just smiles as the secur ity guard pulls the switch, and one thousand volts of electricity flows through the mans body. His entire frame shakes in convulsions as his head bobs up and down with the shock. In a couple of seconds the mans life is over. The priest prays, makes the sign of the cross on his chest, and, turning slowly, walks out the door. Capital punishment has been almost for many years and has spanned many centuries. Between 1927 and 1963, the U.S. had used capital punishment, or legal execution by lethal injection, electricity, hanging, gas chamber or open fire squad, for certain federal offenses. The federal and state death penalty was voted unconstitutional in 1972 by the United States Supreme Court. In 1976 the Supreme Court passed a bill allowing the death penalty in those states that accepted it. Because of a drug-kingpin conspiracy in 1988, the federal death penalty was approved, but had to be consistent to the 1976 ruling. An comprehensive crime bill was passed in 1994 to improve the federal penalty for about sixty different crimes. Some of those crimes include murder of government officials, murder for hire, any misdemeanor crimes, such as kidnapping or sexual abuse crimes, resulting in death and also some crimes not resulting in death such as the running of a large drug operation (Amsterdam). The great writ, which is Latin for you have the body, lets a federal judge dig into convictions in state courts. Over fifty cases have been reviewed for such things as lack of ... ...Bryan Stevenson. People. November 27, 1995. pp. 71-76. Haag, Ernest van den. Executing Juvenile Murderers Is Just. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991. pp. 82-85. Klaidman, Daniel. The spectacular Writ Hit. Newsweek. May 6, 1996. pp. 72. Lewin, Tamar. Punishable By Death Who Decides Who Will Die? Even Within States, It Varies. New York Times . February 23, 1995. SIRS. Pakaluk, Michael. Christians Can Morally Support The Death Penalty. The De ath Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991. pp. 67-73. Steffen, Lloyd. The Death Penalty Is Unjust. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991. pp. 61-66. Sullum, Jacob. The Death Penalty Is Just. The Death Penalty Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA. Greenhaven Press, Inc. 1991. pp. 57-60.

Chromatography of Dyes :: Chromatography Experiments Dye Essays

Chromatography of DyesAn extremely common technique by using two chemicals and filter make-up can give you sufficient information. A well-done Chromatography of dyes will provide you with enough data to determine if a liquid mixture is heterogeneous or homogenous . In a learning activity you can depart and possibly identify food dyes in some subscribes mixes and food colors. The effect of effect polarity or the ability to separate and elute compounds will also be demonstrated. In this investigate you will need to use the equation Xcm/Acm=RF value. The length of A, is the length of the longest line of the food dye or food coloring. The Length of X is the length of all the other variables. In the experiment the lengths will be measured in Centimeters.Experimental ProcedureYou will need to obtain a piece of standard filter authorship somewhat 10*15 cm. Use a pencil to draw a line parallel to one of the longer edges, about 1 cm from the edge. put one over 10 dashes on the pencil line, be sure to have them evenly distributed. At this point you will spot each of the 5 standards on separate dashes. Be sure to write down which liquid is at which dash. Then choose two food colors and two drink mixes, and spot them on the remaining four dashes. Curl the filter paper into a cylinder, make sure colors out, and staple the edges together. Do not allow the edges of the filter paper to overlap. Add approximately 10 ml of a 73 isopropanolwater mixture to your 600 mL beaker, then carefully place the chromatogram into the beaker the dingy muscae volitantes must be higher than the solvent. Be sure to cover the beaker, remove, lay out to dry then measure when the solvent is 1 to 2 cm from the top. Repeat all the above steps but use 0.1% NaCl in the place of the 73 isopropanol. By comparing the colors of the spots in the standards and the unknowns, and the distances the spots moved, you should be able to tell what compounds are present in the food colors and drink mixes. S ome of the food colors and drink mixes may contain only one dye, and some may contain more than one.