Comparative and Contrast

Compare and contrast essay How far will you go for the person that you love? This is the question that most mates want to know before they go further with their partner. Different people have different answers and reasons for this question. Even between cupid and psyche & Orpheus and Eurydice. These two Greek stories have the same topic, which is â€Å"how far will you go for the person that you love†.These love stories are different in terms of theme until the story itself. These two stories are actually easy to understand but they have similarities and differences between them. First lets discuss about similarities; they are both a story about love and also how much they love their partner and how far would they go for the person that they love, even if the way how to get back their partner is different but the main topic of the story is still the same.They did several things to get their partners back, even if in the end of the story is not always them living in the wor ld but still in the end of these stories they went back together. The person who’s trying to get back their partner in these stories also get second chances in completing their journey, they both failed because of curiosity. Both of them are so impatient and curious so that’s the reason why they fail. Even if there’s a lot of similarities already but there are also differences in this story.Psyche was so curious and that she opened the beauty secret box and by that it made her work wasted, she wasn’t able to give back the box to Aphrodite so she failed while in the other tory Orpheus was able to get Eurydice back but then he was so impatient and curious if Eurydice is still with her or not so she looked back and then Eurydice was sent back to the underworld. There are different gods who impact the story, in the story cupid and psyche Aphrodite is the one who impact the story but in the story Orpheus and Eurydice Hades and Persephone are the two gods who i s included.But above all the way how they get back their partner is the sweetest in the first story Aphrodite gave a lot of things for psyche to do and she really did everything to get cupid back while Orpheus went to the underworld to get Eurydice back, these two jobs that they did is very tiring and it needs a lot of efforts but they still do it for their partners just to get them back. Between the two stories, it shows how some people actually care so much about their partner and even the would do the hardest job that could be possible just to get them back.

The Subject Of General Science Education Essay

1. INTRODUCTION / BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH:The usage of computing machine Technology in the schoolroom offers the pupils an sole and utile acquisition pattern. Technology usage helps instructors by making abstract constructs more concrete for the pupils. These yearss, teen-agers are larning to utilize engineering at younger ages really quickly every twenty-four hours. The pupils from in-between degree schools are able to utilize the engineering if they are given devices. Sooner or subsequently, the usage of computing machine engineering in schools is going a popular tendency. It will be interesting to see pupils taking a practical field trip on the cyberspace or with the aid of simulation package on a standalone computing machine to anywhere in the universe. Research in the past decennary has shown that computing machine engineering is an effectual agencies for distributing educational chances, but the job is that most of the instructors do non cognize the usage of computing machines in our schools as there is no computing machine related particular station at in-between degree. Therefore, they are unable to incorporate computing machine engineering into their course of study. Drenoyianni and Selwood ( 1998 ) stated that incorporating computing machines in schoolrooms can travel patterns of rote-memorization, stiff course of study, and teacher-centered direction into a more student-centered environment where scholars are able to pull off their ain acquisition. Edgar Dale ( 1946 ) developed ‘Cone of Experience ‘ to depict ocular effects for larning terminals. Dale ‘s Cone theory of larning bases that people recall 10 % of the information they read, 20 % they hear, 30 % they see, 50 % they hear and see, 70 % they say and write or portion with others, and 90 % they teach to others. In our school system in KPK Pakistan, General Science every bit good as other topics are offered to pupils in a traditional manner which depends on the talk method, in which the instructor does all or most of the activities. In the last few old ages, many functionaries and determination shapers in the field of instruction have called for new methods of learning. Computer-based direction is considered among the advanced methods that can ease more communicating between instructors and pupils and therefore decidedly influence pupils ‘ acquisition. The people learn better from existent experiences than from theoretical stated symbols. The usage of computing machine engineering invariably forces us to reconsider what we do and why we do it. As pedagogues, our duty is to do acquisition easier for our pupils. In sing the teaching method of instruction and acquisition, it is of import that we use engineering to better the acquisition of our pupils. If the usage of computing machine based instructions does non better the instruction larning procedure so there is no demand to utilize it. As instructors we need to incorporate engineering into the course of study we teach so that sound educational acquisition rules remain organized. Harmonizing to Knode ( 2008 ) , the use of engineering in the schoolroom is an explosive new manner. The sum of media that has been exposed to pupils in the schoolroom is immense in recent old ages. We must make up one's mind whether this transmutation is overall traveling to assist or upset schools. In the long tally, will these new signifiers of assisting information reach the multitudes become more of a distraction? The usage of computing machines, films, telecasting, wirelesss, and e-learning tools can be a immense support in assisting kids to understand subjects that were really hard earlier. We can hold ourselves a aureate age of chance in instruction with accurate application of engineering and the right sum of focal point from the pupils. Technology integrating is the term used by pedagogues to depict effectual utilizations of engineering by instructors and pupils in schoolrooms. Technology integrating has a positive consequence on pupils ‘ motive, involvement and battle in larning. Many pedagogues believe that the new computing machine -based engineerings have much to offer instruction and that intermixing of engineering into school scenes will convey utile alterations. In this survey the nature of engineering, learning and acquisition will be analysed to place the possible application of computer-based Instruction manuals to classroom acquisition. Different types of applications use in learning tilting procedure will be identified and analysed with their benefits and restrictions. The survey will place and analyze different positions on how alteration should be approached and implemented. Christian ( n.k, p. 6-7 ) lists assorted engineerings that are being used or presently being used in the schoolroom ( from older 1s to more recent 1s ) : pencils, pens and paper ; chalks and blackboards ; dry-erase markers and ( inactive whiteboards ) ; books ( foremost on paper, so via e-book formats ) ; overhead transparences ; projectors ; exposure ; instructional wireless ; instructional telecasting ; educational movies ; educational Television ; media projectors ; synergistic whiteboards and presentation engineerings ; computing machines and computer-related engineerings ( such as laptops, workstations, waiters ; PowerPoint, web logs ; wikis, societal bookmarking ; podcasts, multimedia-based acquisition objects, multimedia-based presentations, simulations, Internet-based applications and systems, office productiveness package ) ; network-based engineerings systems involved with presenting web-based learning/distance learning/online acquisition ; on-line library databases ; elect ronic mail ; unrecorded chat/text messaging ; treatment boards ; web-based videoconferencing ; etc. Most of the above listed engineerings are beyond believing to be used in authorities schools of Pakistan at present, as the authorities was barely able to carry through the free books box this twelvemonth ( 2012 ) in KPK. Even in more advanced states, the above new engineerings are used seldom at in-between degree. Computer-based direction is fast going an built-in portion of instruction. Much of the current research has found that computer-based direction is every bit effectual as other. It is important that pupils enrolled in computer-based direction perform every bit good as compared to their lecture-based opposite numbers. The intent of this survey is to compare the effects of technology-enhanced direction and traditional direction in footings of pupil academic accomplishment and pupil attitude towards engineering. In making this comparing, It is hoped to derive an apprehension of how engineering is being used in direction. This survey has been concentrated on comparing two methods of direction technology-enhanced direction and traditional directionPurpose of the survey:Computer-based direction is going an indispensable portion of instruction really quickly. Much of the current researches have proved that computer-based direction is every bit effectual as other instructional methods. The pu pils in a schoolroom of computer-based direction perform significantly good as compared to their other opposite numbers. The intent of this survey is to compare computer-based Instruction and traditional direction in footings of pupil academic accomplishment and pupil attitude towards computing machines. In this survey, the research worker is besides optimistic to derive an apprehension of how computing machines are being used in a General Science schoolroom environment. In this survey, the following two methods of instructions will be compared. ( 1 ) . Computer-Based direction ( 2 ) . Traditional instruction- The intent of the survey is: – To happen out the influence of computing machine based instructions on in-between degree pupils in the topic of General Science and to judge whether the utilizations of Computers enhance the public presentation of the pupils. To detect whether instructors available have equal consciousness and preparation of computing machine. To look into instructors and pupils ‘ attitudes towards computing machines and utilizations of computing machine for meaningful direction. To see whether the necessary substructure is available in the schools.2. Statement OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM:The survey is an experimental usage of computer-based Instruction manuals at 8th class center schools ‘ pupils, taken from three authorities Schools of Town IV Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is besides intended to do suggestions and recommendations to better the public presentation of the pupils in the acquisition procedure and the usage of engineering into the schoolroom posing. The research worker will seek to research to what extent in the bringing of the course of study, the usage of computer-based Instructions contribute to the academic public presentation and attitude of pupils in 8th class schoolrooms. This survey will detect whether the pupils experience interest/difficulty throughout the conventional/new methodological analysis? This survey will besides concentrate on the barriers instructors are confronting with when using the available engineering into their schoolroom instruction. The ultimate concern is, can the usage of computing machines, as a addendum to conventional direction motivate pupils and bring forth higher accomplishments in accomplishments development of the pupils?3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:The Aims of the survey are: – To happen out the impact of computer-based Instruction manuals on the public presentation of 8th grad pupils in the topic of General Science. To happen out the difference between â€Å" learning with engineering † and â€Å" learning without engineering † . ToA investigateA about the attitudesA of the pupils towards the usage of new learning method in the schoolroom. To mean the function of computing machines in the instruction larning procedure.4. RESEARCH Hypothesis:There is a important difference in the average tonss of the pupils taught with the aid of computing machines and those taught by traditional method. The integrating of computing machines in instructional procedure strengthens the terminal consequence. Technologies engage the pupils in the acquisition procedure.5. Significance OF THE RESEARCH:This survey is of import because it may convey visions into engineering influences upon instructors, instructional methodological analysis and school civilization that may be feasible and suited to other schools. As citizens and pedagogues express concerns over the benefits and costs of educational engineering, this survey may supply apprehensions into that argument by supplying informations on pupils ‘ usage of engineering. This survey will besides analyze and compare concerns by the instructors about the usage and proviso of engineering. The consequences of the survey will supply high benefits to the schools. The pupils may accomplish greater benefits by the usage of improved instruction methodological analysis and different educational package.6. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE:Computer-based direction ( CBI ) was considered the technological phenomenon to revolutionise instruction a nd preparation. Today, the Internet and computing machine engineering are reported to hold significantly changed the instruction landscape ( Johnson & A ; Aragon, 2002 ) . The rapid progresss in engineering, the demand for womb-to-tomb acquisition, and the growing of non- traditional pupils have encouraged the usage of the computing machine as a method of instructional bringing. Measuring the effectivity of CBI as a whole engineering is really hard. The inability to mensurate effectivity is attributable in portion to the fact that CBI is non merely one constituent, but a complex scope of services and activities carried out for instructional and learning intents ( Gibbons & A ; Fairweather, 2000 ) . Some of the advantages for utilizing the computing machine as a method of instructional bringing are that it: provides consistence of content bringing ; provides preparation to remote locations ; eliminates cost associated with employees ‘ travel ; provides agencies of tracking scholar ‘s advancement ; provides standardised testing ; offers learner flexibleness in commanding and pacing acquisition ; provides for diverse acquisition demands ; prov ides chances for pattern through simulation ; provides greater keeping ; and reduces the instructional clip by about 30 per centum. Two decisions drawn from meta-studies on CBI are: ( 1 ) scholars by and large learn more utilizing CBI than they do with conventional ways of learning as measured by higher post-treatment trial tonss ( Fletcher, 1999 ; Kulik, 1994 ) , and ( 2 ) scholars utilizing CBI by and large do so in less clip than those utilizing traditional attacks ( Kulik & A ; Kulik, 1991 ; Orlansky & A ; String, l979 ) . When you look at all the advantages of computer- Pence ( 2009-2010 ) says that it has been over a decennary since the computing machine moved from being chiefly a computational and record maintaining device to its present province as a communications hub. Some, including this writer, have called the application of calculating engineering to classroom direction revolutionist. Is this claim justified? More significantly, how will societal networking affect the college schoolroom in the coming decennary? Will the twenty-first Century schoolroom truly be significantly different from that of the yesteryear? This article is an effort to reply these inquiries. Each twelvemonth, Technology is going more a ball of instruction Harmonizing to Jane Carlson-Pickering ( 1999 ) The pupils get a sense of duty with the aid of engineering that show the increased deepness of their cognition and capacity They can be more originative and more in control as they can now rewind, fast-forward, intermission, halt and reappraisal resources at their ain velocity. D'Angelo & A ; Woosley ( 2007, p. 462 ) province â€Å" Technology has evolved and become more cardinal to learning and larning. † They by mentioning the plants of assorted research workers, show that engineering is being used across subjects. Molebash ( 2000, p. 24-38 ) suggests that as engineering plays a larger function in instruction, any anticipations refering the hereafter of instruction must include an analysis of technological tendencies and Tendencies in engineering are making a hereafter that is geting faster than instruction is fixing for it. Turner ( 2006, p.1 ) says that the outgrowth of new engineerings is altering the whole scenario like societies, the manner of life, the manner we talk and do trade and besides the manner we learn. Our educational systems are confronting important force per unit area to alter in order to sufficiently fix pupils to populate, larn and work in a planetary digital age. As a consequence of this force per unit area, everyplace in the universe in many schools, engineering is going a tool for heightening instruction and acquisition procedures and fixing pupils for the new universe in which they live. Education throughout the universe is bit by bit sing a major paradigm alteration from traditional larning environments to new unfastened acquisition environments.Consider the following tabular array which defines that displacement. Traditional Learning Environments New Learning Environments O Teacher-centred direction a Learner-centred direction O Passive larning a Active acquisition O One primary media a Multimedia O Individual work a Collaborative work O Information bringing a Information exchange O Focus on facts and knowledge a Critical thought and job resolution O Isolated, unreal environment a Authentic, real-world environment O Assessment by proving a Authentic appraisal ( UNESCO Bangkok, 2005, P. IV. ) As a consequence of rapid development of engineering the course of study is going more dynamic and synergistic. The integrating of computing machines in schoolroom encourages pupils and engages in more independent, collaborative activities. Technology besides enables instructors to near the course of study from different positions, like multimedia applications, simulations, educational games, Drill and Practice package and many other ways of larning that have been ignored by traditional educational methods. The instructors must seek to modify their pedagogical abilities to incorporate the course of study content with new technological accomplishments that pupils are required to larn. However, harmonizing to Hill, Wiley, Nelson, & A ; Han, ( 2004 ) , â€Å" Theoretical foundations, including teaching methods, appear to hold non developed at the same gait as technological growing in the universe † Roblyer & A ; Doering, ( 2009 ) are of the position to place specific learning & A ; larning jobs which engineering can assist turn to and how it can make learning chances that did non be. D'Angelo & A ; Woosley ( 2007 ) , there is non understanding amongst those involved with instruction and larning sing the usage of engineering within the schoolroom. So they stress that it ‘s deserving reexamining the assorted positions involved. Integrating engineering is besides an of import subject because of how engineering acts as a alteration accelerator Christian, ( 2009 p.3-4 ) mentioning the work of Burbules and Callister ( 2000, p. 273 ) ask, â€Å" What happens to the establishments when new users and new communities expect and possibly demand entree to academic resources and privileges that have normally been rather limited, rare, and expensive? The effects of these displacements can non be overdramatized. † Technological alterations are act uponing and will go on to act upon this state of affairs. Effective instruction and acquisition is the support of establishments. So for these and other grounds, this subject is relevant and of import. Therefore, it ‘s indispensable to the hereafter of educational establishments to take stairss to supply expertness and resources to the schools particularly at simple degree as the pupils of this age group take more involvement in utilizing technological devices and its related plans.7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:Type/ Nature of the ResearchThe method of research is an experimental 1. Students of in-between class will be introduced to experiment.Population & A ; range of the surveyThe survey consists of in-between degree pupils of urban countries of Town IV Peshawar, KPK.Beginnings and types of informationsTo research the attitudes, behaviors and experiences of the pupils under experiment a questionnaire will be developed which will cover all necessary information relevant to the subject under survey. Data will be collected through the questi onnaire from the instructors learning at in-between degree and pupils of in-between degree under survey. The questionnaire will assist to construe and better understand the complex world of the given state of affairs and experiment.Research ApproachTrial will be used as a research instrument to happen out the public presentation of the pupils before and after giving the intervention. On the footing of a pre-test, two every bit competent groups will be decided. This survey will be confined to four chapters/Ten Lesson plans in the said topic. Experiment 1 Experimental ControlTechnologyTraditionalGroup AGroup BAfter giving the intervention to both of the groups, i.e. ( learning with computer-based Instruction manuals and learning in traditional method ) a station trial of 100 Markss will be conducted to happen out if any difference exists in the public presentation of the pupils taught in different methods. After acquiring the consequences, the groups will be shuffled and this clip Group B will be treated with Computer-based Instruction manuals and Group A with traditional method in the same mode with the debut of new chapters. Experiment 2 Experimental ControlTechnologyTraditionalGroup BGroup ACourse Contentss for 1st Experiment.ContentssAnimals World Temperature and thermic enlargement Lenss Earth, stars and GalaxyCourse Contentss for 2nd Experiment.Plant Structure Transportation Nutrition and Respiration Sense Variety meats Earth and Space Time Table for my work in each of the schools one by one.Dayss12345678Mon8E8CTue8E8CMidweek8E8CThu8E8CFri8E8CSabbatum8E8CE= Experimental C= Controlled Group Experimental 1 Mean Control 1 Mean Experimental 2 Mean Control 2 MeanSchool NameAAAAGHS Gulshan Rehman GMS Landi Arbab GHS Deh Bahadur All Group Mean Score South dakota Mid Diff Thymine Phosphorus Experimental Group Control GroupSample Plan: Sample, sample size and sampling technique employed.Sample:Purposive sampling technique will be used for the choice of sample. Students of 8th categories of four authorities schools of Town IV Peshawar will be introduced to the experiment. On the footing of pre-test consequences, the pupils of each of the schools will be divided into two every bit competent groups individually. Half of them will be presented to the experiment while half of them will be treated in traditional method.Data aggregation techniquesIn the survey, to happen out if any difference exists in the public presentation of the pupils taught by the two different methods, the agencies of the tonss will be calculated. In add-on, a t-test statistical analysis will be employed to find if the difference in the average mark of each of the experimental and control groups is statistically important. Vii Tools for Data Analysiss Instruments: Pre-test, Post-test, QuestionnaireExperimental tool 1:Pre-tests Two trials of 50 Markss each will be used to happen out the bing cognitive degree of the pupils. The consequences of the pre-tests will be arranged harmonizing to their competency individually in each of the class. The pupils of each of the class will be divided into two equal halves based on the mean consequence of the two pre-tests in a mode that both of the groups ( Experimental/Controlled ) acquire every bit competent pupils.Experimental tool 2:Post-test After finishing my undertaking of learning to both of the groups individually, a Post-test of 100 Markss based on the taught Curriculum, will be conducted to happen out the consequences.Experimental tool 3:Questionnaires A short study will be conducted through questionnaire to happen out the impact of my work on pupils attitudes towards new attack of learning. A separate questionnaire will be used for instructors to happen out their capableness about the usage of computing machines into instructional procedures, barriers instructors are confronting with when using the available engineering into their schoolroom instruction and other troubles they are confronting like computing machine literacy and handiness of resources.Instrument proof:The content of the lessons and post-tests shall be examined and modified consequently by the topic expert to look into its cogency. Besides, a test-retest method will be applied to look into the dependability of the instrument.8. THEORETICAL FRAME WORK:Harmonizing to Adams ( 2006 ) , the constructivist theory provinces that pupils are given tools to build their ain cognition. Constructivist larning wants the pedagogues to follow the thought that each scholar will buil d, obtain and construe their ain cognition otherwise. Constructivism is an active procedure and allows the pupils to do sense of their universe. Therefore, the research worker will be guided largely by the constructivist attack. Most by and large ; we must separate who our scholars are, and what are their demands? The proviso of accurate acquisition state of affairss within a constructivist attack to larn should be considered when utilizing engineering.9. CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK:As entree to educational engineering has improved, a systematic agencies of altering the construction and bringing of the acquisition procedure has become a challenge for usage of educational engineering. Research indicates that factors of meaningful engineering usage in schools include engineering influences upon pupils, instructional methodological analysis and school civilization. These factors will be used as the footing for look intoing and depicting the meaningful integrating of engineering into a school course of study.10. LIMITATIONS & A ; DELIMITATIONS:Due to shortage of clip, lesser cognize how of computing machine use on the portion of pupils and unequal resources i.e. , ( equipment like figure of computing machines and specially the electricity as Pakistan is confronting energy crisis ) the survey may non bring forth comprehensive consequences, nevertheless as a consequence of this research, the research worker plans to go on readying and working with instructors collaboratively and offering preparation on the available engineering to both the pupils and the instructors once more in the hereafter. A longer period of survey is needed to find the long term impact of computer-based Instruction manuals and its interpolation in the schoolroom direction. This survey is delimited to: Teachers learning General Science at in-between degree. Male pupils of in-between degree Town IV of District Peshawar. Subject of General Science at in-between degree.

Barcelona FC History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barcelona FC History - Essay Example However, despite the many challenges in the initial years of FCB foundation, the club did not take long before it started to enjoy success on various strategies and also in field activities. During the time of Spanish war, the team was faced with a financial crisis in addition to having a unsupportive government system that frustrated many initiatives taken by the club. According to Barcelona.de, the period of the 1940s was a blessing to FCB for having attained membership of around 25,000 people and won 21 Catalan matches in addition to getting 9 trophies (n.d). It is the continued success of the club in field activities that continued to attract additional members to join the club hence relieving the FCB financial burden. In addition, the increased membership and growth of the number of fans necessitated the construction of a larger stadium that would host a larger number of spectators allied to the club. Therefore, the FCB initiated the construction of stadium Camp Nou that took ab out three years for completion.Additionally, the FCB motto has contributed significantly to the success of the club since it was founded. The club motto, "Mà ©s que un club", meaning more than a club, was proclaimed by Narcà ­s de Carreras, a onetime FCB president, in 1968 (Barcelona.de, n.d). During the reign of the authoritarian leader, Francisco Franco, the FCB had been given a lot of restriction pertaining the club operations also membership because of the perceived association to a radicalization of the Catalans.

Art of the Western World 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art of the Western World 1 - Essay Example This Aphrodite was made of marble. The two controversies surrounding these statues are the ownership of Goddess, Probably Aphrodite and Aphrodite of Knidos being the first nude statue. Both statues of Aphrodite are different, but also similarly create controversy. The two similarities of the statues are the creation date and being statues of Aphrodite. Goddess, Probably Aphrodite and Aphrodite of Knidos were both created in the 4th century.12 These two larger than life statues are of the Greek goddess, Aphrodite. Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love. She influenced many works of art, literature, and temples. The first reason for statues and literature of Aphrodite was for her worshippers.3 Just like Christians have crosses and icons, Greeks had different god and goddess icons and art. This caused both Praxiteles and the unknown sculptor to use Aphrodite as their model. Goddess, Probably Aphrodite is on display at the Getty Museum in Malibu. The statue has been damaged through the years. A hand and foot is missing, along with part of the head in the back.4 This piece of work is original. The statue was bought by Getty for 18 million dollars in 1988.5 The statue shows the wear of centuries and travel around the world. It is speculated the statue was created for an indoor temple, since the weather would have eroded the marble and limestone. However, the Greek robes and majestic face of Aphrodite can still be observed in this piece.6 The pictures of the actual statue show the blank eyes of a Greek statue. Goddess, Probably Aphrodite is a product of the Greek culture. Aphrodite of Knidos is a nude marble statue.7 This statue shows Aphrodite getting in or out of the bath. Aphrodite of Knidos was one of two statues created by Praxiteles.8 One was nude, the other was clothed. The original does not exist today.

515 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

515 - Essay Example Considering one success application among all are the intelligent decision support systems. Advanced forms of decision support systems can be fore fronted by a user-friendly layout. Slight intelligent modifications in a set of possible answer values enables smart end results that are in accordance with the output expected by the user interacting with the system. These systems are often self adaptive in nature and learn from every word the user types. Being futuristic machines their evolution involves the embedding of input data from the user’s conversation into their own repository of answers, learning from each interaction they make. It is potentially not possible for human business personnel to remain online twenty four hours a day for the query justification of their customers. The customer may be present in any part of the world. Thus, the best usage of chatbots is in call centers. Chatbots.org quotes as follows: â€Å"It provides information, services and assistance about web pages, and supports a wide range of applications in business, education, government, healthcare, and entertainment. Sometimes the term Virtual Assistant is also used in assistance of employees of an organization instead of external audiences.† (Chatbots.org, n.d.) Chatbox based interactive question answering systems having become an essential part of businesses today. Since voice enabled chatbots (interactive systems that have chat box technology embedded in them) are becoming increasingly common the Economist is quoted to have mentioned the benefits of their installation as follows: "Speech recognition: At long last, speech is becoming an important interface between man and machine. In the process, it is helping to slash costs in business, create new services on the Internet, and make cars a lot safer and easier to drive." Human Realization of interaction with a Virtual Representative automatically reduced any

Efficiency in the Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Efficiency in the Market - Essay Example It requires goods to be produced in the least cost way. The firms are forced at the minimum level of average cost in the long run. The consumers are benefitted under productive efficiency as they are required to pay the lowest possible product price. Allocative efficiency is given by the equality between price and marginal cost. It requires firms to take that production path that is the need of the society. When the firm is not able to increase its welfare by producing more of one good then a situation of efficient allocation is said to exist. A firm can achieve such efficiency by equating marginal cost and price. Marginal cost is regarded as the amount of satisfaction foregone due to the production of another good. If P=MC then value of produced goods is equal to the value of not produced goods. Considering a hypothetical country and a firm who is a price taker, the firm will produce at the profit maximizing quantity which will equate price and marginal cost. The firm will face U-sh aped cost curves and horizontal demand curve. 1 Perfect competition can efficiently allocate resources in the long run. The following is the long run equilibrium condition: P=SRMC=LRMC=SRAC=LRAC This equation states prices to be equal to marginal cost and average cost both in the long and short run. With P+MC no firm has the motive to make adjustments in quantity. Again with P=AC each firm earns only normal profit. This is a situation of no economic profit-loss situation. The long run condition is satisfied only at the minimum of LRAC curve. This is also termed as the minimum efficient scale. The minimum efficient scale provides the economy to utilize resources in optimal and efficient fashion. Two types of agents participate in the competitive market. The other participant is scarce resources. In the economy framework a resource is defined as the item (goods or services) that is valued by the agents. It is the scarcity of resources which calls for efficient allocation of resources to satisfy all the participating agents. The decisions on allocation are of prime importance in this market principle. A market is defined as the place where buyers meet sellers. The mode with which the exchange takes place is called price. The main characteristic of competitive market is the adjustment of prices until supply is equal to demand. The price sets the market in equilibrium and such a situation is called Pareto optimal situation. In a decentralized economy the equilibrium price is determined by tatonnement process. Prices tend to rise if demand is greater than supply and decrease when demand is less than supply. An adjustment to occur the demand and supply at the current prices must be known beforehand. Consider the case where there are many independent sellers. If there access to full information to both the buyers and the sellers then price of the product will set at the equilibrium. Now suppose a high price and a low price is charged for the product. The consumers may opt firms selling their products at high price to offer at some price level which is the difference between the high and low price. Such a situation will offer a better off situation for both parties. The quantities are in the Y-axes. The equilibrium price is denoted as p*. At this price the buyers will be willing to pay at least this amount of price to buy the products and the firms will be able to sell their products at the market rate. If the price is less than the equilibrium p

Dealing with Low Demand and Void Properties Essay

Dealing with Low Demand and Void Properties - Essay Example Controlling antisocial behaviors should also be priority for the management of void property. Many properties have been void for over five months, and the duration is likely to increase. Managing the void properties is a task that the landlords should take and improve the performance of the homes (Kennedy and Dugan, 2004, 6). Low demand properties are those that are often rejected by willing customers. A low demand property is characterized by a small waiting list; the property being refused for weighty reasons by potential tenants and elevated rates of occupancy earnings for other property in the area. An outdated design and poor location can result to a property becoming a low demand property (Empty Homes, 2004, 4). A large number of void properties exist in the urban settings. For example, in UK, there exist 860,000 void homes (Bramley, Pawson and Third, 2000). The reasons why these houses become empty are because of low educational status, high unemployment rate, reduced life expectancy and antisocial behavior. Whenever there are large numbers of void homes in a place, then it is the task of the property-owner and the community to determine how they will solve the problem. Emphasis is put on dealing with void properties by satisfying the problem of low supply, elevated prices and unsuitable housing and also low demand. There is the significance of maximizing the utilization of housing stock in areas where the demand is high (Hiscocks, Lee and Shelter Cymru, 2009, 5). However, in areas where demand is low, it is critical to understand the causes of the low demand. The allocation policies are a sustainable way of dealing with low demand. Social issues are usually visible in these areas and are identifiable by the deprived physical environment and void properties. Void properties usually attract different antisocial behaviors such as vandalism, arson and fly

World Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Hunger - Essay Example Poor people do not have ample resources such as land, tools and money that are needed for growth and consistently purchase food for regular nourishment ("Hunger Facts"). Another reason cited for world hunger is the persistence of drought particularly in the African region. According to the UN Chronicle, drought is the single most common cause of severe food shortages in African developing nations that experience the driest seasons. This condition is compounded by the prevalence of poverty and political turmoil in these countries. As mentioned, political strife or armed conflicts are also regarded to cause world hunger. Wars disrupt agricultural production, which is the primary source of food ("Hunger Facts"). It should be noted that based on studies conducted by Food First, there is sufficient agricultural capacity on earth to feed the all people ("Wikipedia"). However, problems relative to hunger arise because of the disruption in distribution networks. For instance, should there be wars the distribution of food aid and imports is restricted, thus, hunger results.

My parents divorce and the lessons i learned Essay

My parents divorce and the lessons i learned - Essay Example In fact I feel that it was only because of me that they didn't do it till then. I was not able to accept their divorce and was depressed. In school I tried to avoid mingling with others and always found ways to separate myself. I always felt that happiness was only for those who had a good family. I feel that just one incidence of my parents divorce was a major disaster in my life and had taken away all my happiness. They were also lacking love and affection from their families and I found that they hardly bothered about such things. They took me into their friend circle and I started to enjoy their company. Though I realized that their association would spoil my health and would cause me a lot of harm, I still went along with them. In their parties there was boozing, drugs and all other negative things one can think off. Though I started boozing with them I never tried drugs, as I had sense that once I get into such activities I will never have a comeback. It was when I turned 18 that I had a good friend who could bring me back to the real life and show me that there is still a lot of love and happiness in the world. I love her and she also loved me. We started to like each others association and found that we are made for each other. But since I had not seen my parents in love, I always had a fear in my mind that if I get married to her I may not be as happy as I am now. So for years we were t ogether without getting married. Once I v

Contemporary Issues of Management Accounting Essay Example for Free

Contemporary Issues of Management Accounting Essay This allows the opportunity for them to hone their skills and abilities at a constant rate while offering numerous benefits to the company. These benefits manifest themselves in employee loyalty, low turnover costs and fulfilment of company goals. Figure 6: JIT Model * Some Key Elements of JIT: 1. Stabilize and level the MPS with uniform plant loading (heijunka in Japanese): create a uniform load on all work centers through constant daily production and mixed model assembly (produce roughly the same mix of products each day, using a repeating sequence if several products are produced on the same line). Meet demand fluctuations through enditem inventory rather than through fluctuations in production level. Use of a stable production schedule also permits the use of backflushing to manage inventory: an end item’s bill of materials is periodically exploded to calculate the usage quantities of the various components that were used to make the item, eliminating the need to collect detailed usage information on the shop floor. 2. Reduce or eliminate setup times: aim for single digit setup times (less than 10 minutes) or onetouch setup this can be done through better planning, process redesign, and product redesign. 3. Reduce lot sizes (manufacturing and purchase): reducing setup times allows economical production of smaller lots; close cooperation with suppliers is necessary to achieve reductions in order lot sizes for purchased items, since this will require more frequent deliveries. 4. Reduce lead times (production and delivery): production lead times can be reduced by moving work stations closer together, applying group technology and cellular manufacturing concepts, reducing queue length (reducing the number of jobs waiting to be processed at a given machine), and improving the coordination and cooperation between successive processes; delivery lead times can be reduced through close cooperation with suppliers, possibly by inducing suppliers to locate closer to the factory.

Marketing Strategy of Cadbury

Marketing Strategy of Cadbury Cadbury India is a food product company dealing in Chocolate Confectionery, Beverages, Candy and Snacks. Cadbury is the market leader in Chocolate Industry with a market share of 70%. Some of their favorite products are Cadbury Dairy Milk, Perk, 5 Star, Celebrations, Eclairs, Gems and Temptations, Bournvita. John Cadbury, the founder of the Cadbury business was born on 12th August 1801. Cadbury was founded 200 years ago when John Cadbury has opened his shop in Birmingham selling chocolate and cocoa with other glossary. Cadbury started its operation in India in 1948 by importing chocolates and distributing in the Indian Market. This project shows some research on current marketing strategy used by Cadbury in Indian market. I have also try to find some of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats of the Cadbury for Indian chocolate industry. Table of Contents 3 1. About Cadbury 4 2. Cadbury in India 4 3. Aim Objective of the Project 6 4. Comparative Analysis 7 5. Marketing Mix of Cadbury 9 10 6. Current Marketing Strategies used by Cadbury and Market Segments 14 7. SWOT Analysis of Cadbury 16 8.Conclusion 17 9. Reference List 18 About Cadbury Cadbury was founded 200 years ago. Cadbury is a food product company producing Chocolate products. They are the market leader of this industry holding 70% of the total market share. Some of the well-known products of Cadbury are Dairy Milk, Perk, 5 Star, Eclairs, Celebrations, Temptations, Bournvita and Gems. John Cadbury, the founder of the Cadbury business was born on 12th August 1801. In 1984, he opened his first grocery shop in Birmingham. He sold cocoa, chocolate products for drinking, which were prepared using pestle and mortar, as well as other products. In 1831, John decided to start manufacturing on large scale. He purchased a warehouse for it. Cadbury is one of the largest companies in the world. In 1840, they introduced chocolate for consumption with very decorative packaging. The most widely known and top grossing product, Dairy Milk, was launched in 1905 to compete with the leading brands of Swiss milk chocolates. By 1913, Dairy Milk had become the companys bestseller. After a few years it gained the recognition as a leading chocolate product. (Cadbury, n.d.) Cadbury in India Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidiary of Kraft Foods Inc. In 1948 Cadbury starts its operations in India by importing chocolates, but today it owns five manufacturing companies and 4 sales offices. Its corporate office is in Mumbai.   The core purpose of Cadbury was to make today delicious. In India, Cadbury operates in four categories i.e. milk food drink, chocolate confectionery, candy and gum. Cadbury is the market leader in chocolate business. The pure taste of Dairy Milk describes the taste of chocolate for Indian consumers. Bournvita is the leading product in milk food drinks and candy halls is the leading product of candies in the country. Since 1965, Cadbury has also started the farming of cocoa in India. (Cadbury India Ltd., n.d.) Aim Objective of the Project Aim: To examine the marketing strategies and SWOT analysis of Cadburys Dairy Milk. Objectives: By conducting research to evaluate marketing strategies and to know the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats of Cadbury by using proper theories. Comparative Analysis The Indian chocolate market is getting bigger and better. On one hand there are imported varieties and on the other companies like Cadbury launch their own products of international standards. In India in early 90s market share of Cadbury was 80% but after the Nestle enters to Indian Chocolate industry the Cadburys share reduce to 70%, 15% share is hold by Nestle, 15% by Amul and other companies. The higher competition is between Cadbury and Nestle as Nestle is trying to have tough fight with Cadbury. (Indian Mirror, 2011) Nestle India Ltd: Nestle was connected with India since 1912. They set up first manufacturing unit in 1961 in India and then they open total 7 manufacturing units in India up to 2006. They were manufacturing Milk Products and Nutrition, Beverages, Cooking Aids. They launched there Premium Milk Chocolate, Milky Bar, Crunch and Bar One in India against the competition of Cadbury Dairy Milk and 5 Star. (Nestle India Ltd., n.d.) Kit Kat was Launch in India in 1995 and it becomes the worlds most popular chocolate within a short time of its launch and it was according to the target of the Nestle. Against the competition of Kit Kat Cadbury launch its Perk, to safeguard its brand. Kit Kat and Perk was a new product segment in the form of wafer chocolates as anytime snacks. Kit Kat sells was more than the Perk in the outlets where both were available. There was a neck to neck competition between both the products. It was also said threat it was dangerous for the mother products of Cadbury Dairy Milk. Amul: Amul Milk Chocolate, Badam Bar, Crunch and Fruit N Nuts were launch by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) in 1974. But due to lack of its focus on international market and it was not able to raise its market shares. (Gujarat Co-Operative Milk Marketing Federation, 2000-2001) Marketing Mix of Cadbury After segmenting the market and positioning itself to outdo their competitors, it needs to come up with different strategies. The 4 Ps used by Cadbury are: Product: The Company should design and manufacture its products so as to improve the customer experience. Product Success The meaning of Product is anything tangible or intangible that can be offered to the customers for the proposed market segments either in the domestic or international market. It includes packaging, guarantee, quality etc. Every company will compete for customers by satisfying their expectation constantly. But the best company will go beyond the expectations by delivering additional benefits, which they would have never imagined. Cadbury offers a wide variety of products which include: I. Chocolates: Fruit Nut, Dairy Milk, Perk, 5 Star, Eclairs, Gems, Temptation, Nutties, Milk Treat. II. Beverages: Drinking Chocolate, Bournvita and Cocoa. III. Snacks: Bytes IV. Candy: Halls V. Gums: Bubbaloo Place:  The place means to identify the physical distribution of the product where the product should be available for the customer at the right place, time and quantity. It also consists of roles of channel for distribution. For the success of any product in the Indian market, the product should be introduced to the retail shelves. Buyers play an important role for its success rather than brand and market shares. With the increase in technology and competitive pressure, it is difficult to retain a unique product for a long period. The brand that gets the greatest number of customers, sells the most products. Proper channels of distribution also play an important role. If the product reaches the market at the right time, only than will the consumer will have access to the products. Increases in distribution and channel cost go together. Marketing cost of Cadbury is 18% of its total cost which is higher as compared to Nestle and Parry. Price: Pricing is the most important part of a marketing mix as it is the only area by which revenue is generated for the company. Price includes the catalog prices, discounts available and different options available for financing etc. Before deciding the price strategy the feasible reactions of the competitors are also have to be taken into consideration. The pricing of the product must consider the appropriate demand-supply equation. The strategy used by Cadbury for satisfying the value that all the customers buy the product is using the expectation they have about how much the production is worth to them. Cadbury has introduced various products for different customer segments so that every customer segment has different expectations of price from the product. Therefore maximizing the returns includes maintaining right price level for each segment and then increasing moving through them. Promotion: Where and when can you get across your marketing message to your target market? Effective advertising attracts and generates supporting feelings for any business. To reach out to the consumers, communication plays an important. For the marketing of any product, advertisement and promotions are the best means of communication about the product to the end user. Cadbury does its promotions through Televisions, consumer contact activity, etc. Some of the most famous marketing campaigns of Cadbury are: Khane Walon Ko Khane Ka Bahana Chahiye for Cadbury Dairy Milk Thodi Si Pet Pooja Kabhi Bhi Kahin Bhi for Perk Cadbury gives special promotional offers during festivals like Diwali, Holi, etc. and special occasions like Valentines Day. It continuously introduces new products to maintain its brand and to expand its market share. Current Marketing Strategies used by Cadbury and Market Segments Current Marketing Strategy used by Cadbury: To encourage the consumers Cadbury uses many strategies. Some of them are as follows: On Every Hand Everywhere: The customers demand flawless services from the salesmen and they have to deliver that to the customers. Cadbury is the market leader in confectionery and chocolates. Their sales team plays an important role in the success. They regularly conduct surveys of consumers choice and requirements. They deliver the products not only in the super markets but also in the small shops, so that every segment of the customers can easily get their products. They also provide selling techniques. Growing with Emerging Markets: Revenue of the company grows with the emerging markets. They continuously modify the products to fulfill the requirement of all segments of consumers. This strategy leads them to a growth of above 20% annually for the past three years. A strong foundation: Since 1948, Cadbury is serving their products in India and they have created a very strong tradition and leadership position. They are the number one chocolate brand with a share of about 70%. Today only one third of the population buys the chocolate so Cadbury is challenged to introduce the pleasure of Cadbury to many peoples. Growing with the market: To attract the broader range of consumers is the main target the Cadbury. They created a base range of their acceptable chocolate brands at more reasonable and affordable price. They also introduced the gift range products for the customers segments with high-income group. Functional advantage: Cadbury Bournvita was launched in India in 1948 and it always required providing nutrition that helps in the development and growth. Today the natural goodness of milk, chocolate and malt is prepared with vitamins A, B1, B3, B6, B12 and C, plus protein, iron, calcium, manganese, zinc, and folic acid. It is also known as a cup of confidence. Affordable luxury: Cadbury has increased their presence in the candy in the form of halls and Cadbury dairy milk Eclairs. Eclairs became more popular in the markets with a hotter climate. The consumers find the delicious taste of chocolate in the middle that easily melts in the mouth and not in the hot climate. It is also an affordable chocolate for everyone. The new Eclairs Crunch is with more crispy caramel shell for hot climatic conditions. Market Segments Market place includes different segments of customers having different needs and wants. It can be classified as: Geographic Segmentation: It is to divide the market on the basis of its location, regions, towns, city or country. Demographic Segmentation: It is most common basis of market segmentation. This factor is directly related to the demand of the product and it is easy to measure. It can be classified as age group of consumers, gender, Life style, income of family etc. Psycho graphic Segmentation: it divides the consumer of the basis of social class, lifestyle of consumers or personality. This helps the company to examine the quality that how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.   Behavioral Segmentation: It divides consumer on the basis of their attitudes, knowledge, response or uses to a product. Considering all the above factors, Cadbury has targeted different segments within the market as: Break segment some products are consumed during short breaks with coffee and tea, for example snack range and Perk. Desire segment under this segment products are purchase on desire, for example Cadburys Dairy Milk, temptation etc. Take home segment this segment express the products that are purchased from supermarkets and taken home for consumption, for example Bournvita. SWOT Analysis of Cadbury SWOT Analysis is the method to evaluate the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats involved in an organization. It includes identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable or unfavorable to achieve the objectives of the organization. Strength: 1. Largest global confectionery supplier. 2. Market leaders in three sectors: Chocolates, Confectionery and food drinks 3. Cost of Production is low due to economic of scale which leads to higher profit and better market penetration. 4. High financial strength. 5. Strong brand name and leader in innovations. Weakness: 1. Poor technology in India as compared to other nations 2. Limited key products as it is depended only on chocolates and beverage market compared to other competitors. Opportunities: 1. Growing middle class and growing urban population. 2. Increasing gifts cultures. 3. Substitute to Mithais with higher calories/cholesterol. 4. Increasing concept in departmental stores- desire @ at cash counters. 5. Opportunity increases with increase in market shares by acquisition. 6. Transfer production to low cost countries where labour cost and raw material will be cheap. 7. Introduction of new products with low fats. Threats: 1. Due to highest brand equity and low cost, it is successful in India. 2. Globalization will bring in better brands for upper end of the market. 3. High fats and calories in the products of Cadbury may reduce the demand of the consumers who are conscious of nutrition and healthier lifestyles. 4. Competitive pressure from other national and global suppliers. Conclusion Brand plays an important role for growth in todays competitive business environment. It helps to maintain profitability in long run by differentiation in the products and loyalty of customer. Cadbury Dairy Milk brand has developed its Megabrand Product range having its own identity, but now they all comes under the Dairy Milk brand. This proposal is planned to maximize the strength of the Cadbury Dairy Milk brand. The strategy involved a packaging and range refreshment strategy, which has resulted in a unified innovative Dairy Milk brand. Having exceeded initial sales targets by a considerable margin, the strategy can be considered a success! Branding is also one of the most important parts of any business whether it is small or large, B2B or retail. An effective brand strategy results into the major periphery in increasingly competitive markets. The foundation of the brand is your logo, website, packaging and promotional materials all of which should integrate your logocommunicate y our brand.

Robert Frost :: essays research papers

Robert Frost, perhaps the greatest American poet of the twentieth century, has brought himself great recognition. Many critics have tried to find a faulty side to his writing, but they have had a difficult time because his writing "romanticizes the rural simplicity that he loved while probing into the mysteries of the universe (Estep 2)." Three areas of criticism covered are: a speaker's decision in choosing, a poem broken down into three sections, and Frost's use of metaphors and style in his writing. Born in San Francisco, but raised in New England, many of Robert Frost's poems are representations of his experiences in the northeastern parts of America. He was unsuccessful in college never earning his degree, and for several years he supported his family by tending to a farm his grandfather bought for him. In his spare time, Frost would read and write anything and everything. Discouraged by his unsuccessful life as a poet, he packed up his bags and moved to England. He co ntinued writing and published his first two books of poetry, which would gain him the recognition in America he had been in search of (ExpLit 1). One of Frost's most famous poems is "The Road Not Taken." This poem is about someone who comes to a fork in a path. One path is well beaten and treaded, while the other is less traveled and more difficult. Is the traveler happy with the decision he has made to take the road less traveled? Many critics think he may have had second thoughts. Magill's Survey of American Literature states that there are many contradictions throughout the poem, "†¦He seems to contradict his own judgment. The poet appears to imply that the decision is based on evidence that is, or comes close to being an allusion" (Magill 64).The tone of the stanza and the title of the poem suggest that the traveler may be regretting his choice because by making a choice to do one thing you have to give up the opportunity to do another (Magill 74). " ;I kept the first for another day! I shall be telling this with a sigh." Discovering Authors Modules agrees with other critics. "Is he truly happy with his choice?" The traveler doesn't ever directly say he was happy with his choice, so is he satisfied? In the poem it states, "†¦and that has made all the difference," but has it made all the difference in a positive way (DAM 2).

Defining the Neurobiology of Insanity :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Defining the Neurobiology of Insanity: Law, Science, and the I-function Reconciled During the last week or so of class, after a semester of being teased with glimpses of, allusions to, and deferred explanations for the I-function, we at last came face to face with this previously elusive property of the nervous system which allows us to experience experience. The detour was necessary, for it corrected the general misconception that something like an I-function encompasses everything that makes one an individual and defines one's unique personality; it demonstrated the true importance of "the rest" of the nervous system. Indeed, we were shown how the I-function is, in some ways, superfluous, in that it is not necessary for survival. Not to downplay it, however, the I-function is key to understanding what makes us (human beings) what we are, to distinguishing our experience of the world from that of other species. It allows us to conceive of ourselves (our selves) as objects and to perform such behaviors as planning, dreaming, in short, imagining ourselves in situati ons other than the one in which we 'really' are. The last few classes were dedicated to addressing issues which still troubled the majority of the class, such as choice and the supernatural; I, however, found my self wondering about another issue, which no one had yet brought up: insanity. What does it mean to insane? What are the (if any) criteria which determine whether or not a person is sane? Are they reflected in said individual's neurobiological make-up? And finally, how does insanity relate to the I-function? As it turns out, research related to these issues is fairly recent, but increasing rapidly, thanks to technological advances and important contributions from several fields in the neurosciences. My goal here is to report on the answers I was able to find to my questions, as well as to ponder the questions raised by these and foreseeable answers. As might be expected, the term "insanity" has no neurobiological definition and, as a concept in everyday language, is extremely broad and vaguely defined. Not surprisingly, therefore, it is a concept which is neither used nor useful to professionals in the neurosciences, who regard so-called "insane" behaviors as the results of abnormalities or changes within the brain: "...a rough medical translation would be 'psychosis-that is, the more severe kinds of mental illness, involving hallucinations or delusions," (1). In searching for a working criteria of insanity, the closest I came to a formal definition was the criteria used in law to determine whether or not a defendant could be absolved of responsibility for his or her crime. Defining the Neurobiology of Insanity :: Biology Essays Research Papers Defining the Neurobiology of Insanity: Law, Science, and the I-function Reconciled During the last week or so of class, after a semester of being teased with glimpses of, allusions to, and deferred explanations for the I-function, we at last came face to face with this previously elusive property of the nervous system which allows us to experience experience. The detour was necessary, for it corrected the general misconception that something like an I-function encompasses everything that makes one an individual and defines one's unique personality; it demonstrated the true importance of "the rest" of the nervous system. Indeed, we were shown how the I-function is, in some ways, superfluous, in that it is not necessary for survival. Not to downplay it, however, the I-function is key to understanding what makes us (human beings) what we are, to distinguishing our experience of the world from that of other species. It allows us to conceive of ourselves (our selves) as objects and to perform such behaviors as planning, dreaming, in short, imagining ourselves in situati ons other than the one in which we 'really' are. The last few classes were dedicated to addressing issues which still troubled the majority of the class, such as choice and the supernatural; I, however, found my self wondering about another issue, which no one had yet brought up: insanity. What does it mean to insane? What are the (if any) criteria which determine whether or not a person is sane? Are they reflected in said individual's neurobiological make-up? And finally, how does insanity relate to the I-function? As it turns out, research related to these issues is fairly recent, but increasing rapidly, thanks to technological advances and important contributions from several fields in the neurosciences. My goal here is to report on the answers I was able to find to my questions, as well as to ponder the questions raised by these and foreseeable answers. As might be expected, the term "insanity" has no neurobiological definition and, as a concept in everyday language, is extremely broad and vaguely defined. Not surprisingly, therefore, it is a concept which is neither used nor useful to professionals in the neurosciences, who regard so-called "insane" behaviors as the results of abnormalities or changes within the brain: "...a rough medical translation would be 'psychosis-that is, the more severe kinds of mental illness, involving hallucinations or delusions," (1). In searching for a working criteria of insanity, the closest I came to a formal definition was the criteria used in law to determine whether or not a defendant could be absolved of responsibility for his or her crime.

Delisting the Grey Wolf Essay -- Nature Animals Extinction Essays

Delisting the Grey Wolf The United States Fish and Wildlife Service are considering removing the gray wolf from the endangered species list once Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming have enough wolves to be deemed sufficient to continue to expand the wolf population, requiring only that each of these three states have a management plan in effect to prevent the gray wolf from becoming endangered again. With the current attitude of the governments in these states, the wolf should not lose their federal support under the Endangered Species Act as it would merely serve to cause the wolves to become endangered once again, or at best, held to the absolute minimum population that the states can pass off as â€Å"viable, self-sustaining populations† (â€Å"bill†, par. 4). Idaho’s legislature makes little attempt to hide their wish to be rid of the wolves completely. Within the very text of the senate concurrent resolution that seeks the delisting of the wolves, it is stated that â€Å"The State of Idaho is on the record asking the federal government to remove wolves from the state by the adoption in 2001 of House Joint Memorial No. 5. The position reflected in House Joint Memorial No. 5 continues to be the official position of the State of Idaho† (State, 1). The grudging condensation of the legislature to put up with the wolves follows this, declaring in the war-weary voice of an unjustly put-upon that â€Å"in order to use every available option to mitigate the severe impacts on the residents of the State of Idaho, the state will seek delisting and manage wolves at recovery levels that will ensure viable, self-sustaining populations† (State, 1) which is later defined as 15 packs, with as few as 10 packs being acceptable to the st ate before control would reve... ... â€Å"Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery 2001 Annual Report.† U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2001 . State Affairs Wolf Conservation/Management Plan. Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 134 15 Mar. 2002 . â€Å"Wolf foes see delisting as opportunity.† The Idaho Statesman 22 Dec. 2002 . â€Å"Wolf management bill sent to House floor.† The Idaho Statesman 14 Mar. 2002 . â€Å"Wyoming draft plan for gray wolves criticized.† The Idaho Statesman 9 Nov. 2002 . â€Å"Wyoming plan for wolves gets heat.† The Idaho Statesman 26 Nov. 2002 .

Microeconomics Externalities, Market Power Assignment

Introductory* Micro*economics 316-102 *Sem 1*,2010 Assignment 2: Genevieve Blanch QUESTION 1. Externalities in this situation exist where the Government, Country or Private Organisation decides to launch a new satellite causing costs and benefits to other members of society which do not impact on the G,C or PO. Such externalities include: NEGATIVE (Costs to other members of society) Hazard to the useful working satellites that surround Earth. Threat to our dependence for communications, broadcasting and surveillance. Debris from one collision causing a second, which creates still more debris and collisions. A socially optimal outcomes occurs when then the social maximal benefit equals social marginal cost meaning the surplus to society is maximized. At the same time efficient market equilibrium is needed where the private marginal benefit (PMB) equals Private marginal cost (PMC). {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} SMC=PMC {draw:line} {draw:line} SMB=PMB Q* For each active satellite a certain amount of debris is released into space. Because the debris is a hazard to other working satellites it is considered a negative externality. Due to this negative externality in production, the social cost (SMC) of producing active satellites exceeds the private cost (PMC). This means the socially desirable number of active satellites, Q optimum, is smaller than the equilibrium quantity Q* (As seen below). Graph: Debris and the social optimum {draw:line} * {draw:line} * SMC {draw:line} {draw:line} * *Price of satellites. {draw:line} (Demand) PMC * {draw:line} {draw:line} * Optimum {draw:line} (Supply) PMB=SMB {draw:line} Q optimum* *Q * * *Q=No. of satellites launched We could conclude from the article that the socially optimal outcome is not being achieved due to the negative externalities. b) The article suggests as solution*s* to achieve socially optimal amou*nt of space debris* to: Create â€Å"International civil satellite-awareness system†. â€Å"Countries should comply with international guidelines to minimize the amount of debris created by launches† A moratorium on debris-creating anti-satellite tests Satellite launchers buying insurance. By agreeing to the policies the main aim would be to ‘internalize the externality’. Meaning the satellite producers taking into account the social costs and benefits of their decisions. The first policy would work by increasing the awareness of the problem of debris in space and therefore giving an incentive for producers to think twice on a moral level before producing the satellites. If this worked the PMC would decrease in quantity to meet the optimum at SMC. The second policy would work by governments implementing a tax which will equate PMC and SMC. By putting a tax on a certain amount of debris released through launches the SMC is forced to meet PMC, and has low cost to society. This tax should give producers of active satellites and the launches an economic incentive to reduce the amount of debris being released into space. Another option from the second policy would be to regulate the quantity of satellites being launched or to regulate the quantity of debris being released. This could involve the government telling the producers of satellites to reduce the quantity of satellites launches or debris being released. The third policy would work by the government placing a ban on all anti-satellite tests which are heavy releasers of debris. Banning one type of satellite would reduce the overall amount of satellites launched causing the PMC to approach the social optimum. The fourth policy would works by the insurance acting like a tax. Buying insurance acts like a tax that will increase PMC to social optimum. . c) The free rider problem: The free rider problem in the article is where the ‘orbit is open to anyone with a launch-rocket handy’, therefore some countries may improve their own well being by ‘bearing the costs of wellbeing’ while leaving other countries to pay for the debris, and causing those ‘bearing the costs’ to ‘reap the benefits’. The free rider problem comes from the fact that a public good is â€Å"non-excludable†. It’s when decision makers own well being can be improved by making others pay for the good. Satellite launches are public goods because they are neither excludable nor rivalrous in consumption. People cannot be prevented from using a satellite launcher and one persons use does not reduce another persons use of it. Solutions: Government supplies satellite launches. The government takes over as supplier of satellite launches. They must calculate the SMB and SMC deciding on an efficient quantity, keeping in mind the willingness to pay of satellite launch consumers. Then, using the Lindahl tax the government could finance provision of the satellite launchers by asking consumers with higher revenue to pay more. This means that consumers share of the Social marginal benefit is multiplied by the cost of the launcher. (SMB x Cost=Lindahl tax). The government provides increased incentive to supply clean satellite launchers by assigning property rights. Involves assigning ownership of launchers to certain suppliers who can charge other consumers for using the launchers. QUESTION 2: Relative importance of fixed costs and variable costs in the retail grocery industry? A key part of knowing how much to produce to be profitable comes from how the costs will vary with the level of production. In a large scale firm like coles and Woolworths, it is necessary to produce large quantities. The average fixed costs will decrease as the quantity produced increases. Eg. Say we are looking at labour as a fixed cost. As volume of foods produced increases, there is a diminishing marginal cost of labour as the increase in total cost that arises from extra units of food produced is gradually getting smaller. If both variable costs and average costs are kept to a minimum the total cost will be most profitable. By keeping the fixed costs down using methods of productivity improvement such as electronic self service, the Average fixed cost will be at a minimum causing the average total cost to be at a minimum therefore cost saving. Variable costs are inevitably going to rise with the increase in quantity of sales, however with the total revenue should still outweigh the total costs if the fixed costs are kept at a minimum and the sales volume kept high. {draw:line} ATC AVC AFC {draw:line} Small quantity Large quantity Why structure of costs in retail grocery industry is important for understanding the profitability of firms? For large scale companies like Coles and Woolworths to be profitable the amount of fixed costs needs to balance with the sales volume. These companies are forever trying to maximize their profits; a good strategy to do this is by focusing on cost savings rather than cutting costs. By cost saving, the retail grocers will invest to gain productivity, therefore becoming more efficient and offering the customers more. Eventually in the cycle sales growth increases therefore expanding the profitability. Investing to gain productivity will bring the fixed costs down in the long run and as a result produce a smart distribution chain. If Coles/woolworths has a high fixed cost and the sale volume is decreasing, the company’s profitability will be difficult to maintain hence a high fixed cost must have large sales volume. QUESTION 3: a) Why private schools would want to increase school fees in response to an increase in teacher *saleries*? If we assume that demand for private school remains the same but the schools costs increase we can examine what will happen to profit using MB/MC rule. draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} $ MC $ MC {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:line} Price * ATC* ATC {draw:line} * * D {draw:line} ATC D MR {draw:line} {draw:line} MR q q No increase in teacher salaries Increase in teacher salaries Profit equals the Price minus average total cost X the quantity. If the teachersâ €™ salaries increase, this will cause the Average total cost(ATC) to increase causing the firms overall costs to increase. Therefore the profit being derived from the Price minus the newly high ATC multiplied by the quantity the total profit, will result in the school receiving less profit. By increasing the price of school fees, the increase in costs is equalised by the increase in price, therefore, with a higher price, the profit of the school will remain the same. â€Å"With the impact of the economic downturn tempering fee rises Here we assume the demand will change with the impact of the economic downturn however we will assume that costs remain the same. The economic downturn will cause an inward shift in the demand curve as there is a decline in demand for private school education. The Marginal revenue will shift with the demand curve as a decrease in demand also results in a decrease in marginal revenue. Therefore, this shift in demand will cause the price of Private School fees to decrease {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} $ MC {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:line} Price {draw:line} ATC * D1* {draw:line} ATC D2 {draw:line} MR q QUESTION 4: Main explanations for why market power of the ‘big four’ banks in Australia has* increased? *Reduction in competition. * In a more competitive situation, which we hope will occur again soon, competition between the big 4 banks, smaller banks and their customers is consistent causing the prices to be competitive and the market power at a reasonable medium level. The big 4 banks have recently been less of a threat to each other mainly due to the financial crisis taking â€Å"out the non-bank lenders for housing† which means the larger banks have more necessity. And by taking over two smaller banks, they have reduced the smaller competition. The necessity of the banks and lack of smaller bank competition means the market power for the ‘big four’ increases. *More constraint. * People are keeping with their current banks due to being â€Å"expensive and time-consuming† to shift loans and bank accounts between the ‘big four’. This financial burden holds them to their banks taking the power away from the consumers and giving the banks control over market prices. Explain how the banks greater market power allows them to ‘raise their rate of profit’. Reduction in competition means that if the banks increase their prices, such as the variable mortgage rate (0. 2 percentage points) they will not lose customers. Because of the lack in competition the banks have heightened their market power to the point where the banks can increase their prices(mark up), without impacting on their customers. Thus, the quantity demanded for banks responds little to the price deeming it relatively price inelastic. With higher prices, the Price minus the ATC will be higher therefore raising their profit. More constraint means that other firms are less price competitive because their customers will be unlikely to switch banks due to it being ‘expensive and time consuming to shift loans and bank accounts’. The constraint to banks causes the consumer demand to become very price inelastic, this is because an increase in price would not severely impact on the demand to switch to another bank because of the cost in doing so. PART 2 â€Å"Why are Melbourne University Colleges significantly more expensive than other colleges when they offer similar *services? † The on campus catered residential housing, otherwise known as ‘colleges’ prove to show some vast differences in fee pricing. When comparing ANU’s colleges to the University of Melbourne’s, Melbourne proved to have significantly higher fees. To attend a Melbourne University College as an undergraduate the prices range from $18,200 to $21,051 over the year1 which can be to a $505. 55 to $58 4. 84 weekly fee1. At an ANU college the undergraduate weekly fee is from $297. 50(Ursula Hall) to $305 (Burgmann College)2. Considering they both offer similar services, food, bedrooms, amenities, gym, library, on campus, tutorial services, social and sporting events we can look to the market forces of demand and supply, as well as elasticity for an economic explanation. DEMAND The Melbourne University colleges to many students about to begin university are considered an essential to forming strong relationships as well as giving extra support academically (especially being in a whole new academic system). They offer many services from full food and board to a gym and intercollege sporting events. College is commonly referred to as ‘the best years of your life’ and so many want to experience it. Most students come from regional areas and some from foreign countries, these students have the necessity to find accommodation in Melbourne so college responds to this need. Putting these aspects together we can understand why there in an increase in demand for a place at a Melbourne University College (see below). {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P S {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P*2 {draw:line} {draw:line} P* {draw:line} D1 D2 Q? Q2 Q Consequently an increase in demand for Melbourne Uni College results in an increase in price/fees and an increase in the quantity of places demanded. ANU Colleges offering the same or similar services and opportunities as Melbourne Uni also has a high demand to get into college, however they differ in the number of places available and the elasticity. BOTTLENECK Despite the heavy demand for a place at college there are a limited number of places available. With more people willing to get in than places, a bottleneck is placed on supply and increases the prices (similar to a firm with monopoly power). This can be represented like a quota, with the quota as the restriction on available accommodation. *Accommodation at Melbourne Uni* Colleges {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P {draw:line} S {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} {draw:line} P Quota Melb Uni {draw:line} {draw:line} P*ANU {draw:custom-shape} {draw:line} D {draw:line} {draw:line} Q*ANU Q Q Quota, Melb uni. At ANU, there is a guarantee that all interstate or regional students will be given accommodation, so the restriction on accommodation doesn’t exist hence the price being lower than Melbourne Uni. Also, the price of land in Parkville, close to the city in the heart of Melbourne automatically means the price of land will be ELASTICITY The Melbourne University Colleges in some cases are filled by privileged students who come from high income families whose parents consider college a necessity, are willing to support them in college despite large fees. Other students work to be able to support themselves, both categories are relatively unaffected by the price. This means there is an inelastic demand for Melb Uni colleges. The quantity demanded of a place at Melb Uni Colleges does not respond hugely to the increase in college fees. Hence, the colleges can increase their prices and the demand will not be effected. Conversely, at ANU, despite the demand still being rather inelastic, it is more elastic than Melbourne Uni Colleges. ANU has a wider socio economic intake, spreading wider than Melb Uni from high income families to low income families so the quantity demanded in their colleges will more likely be swayed by pricing. Hence it is more important to maintain a competitive and lower price. draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} P2 P1 {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} D(UM) D (ANU) {draw:custom-shape} {draw:custom-shape} Q2 Q1Q1Q2 REFERENCES: http://www. colleges. unimelb. edu. au/assets/uploads/Comparative-Costs-2010. pdf University of Melbourne, ICC (2010). _Comparative Costs. _ http://accom. anu. edu. au/UAS/2340/ver sion/1/part/4/data/ANU%20Hall%20and%20College%20Fee%20Summary%202010%20v5. pdf? branch=main&language=default Australian National University, 2010. ANU Hall and fee summary.

Personal Response

Both of these videos were enjoyable to watch, I thought it was great to hear others love stories from their point of view. One of the first similarities between them was of course, they're both love stories. During both of them it is described of how much they love each other, and it truly shows through their emotion and compassion. In both their love is Just a quick shot of faith in that they will be together for the rest of their lives. The first one of the younger couple, she comes from another country and after eight short days together, he then realizes that he can't let her go home toBangkok and that they must get married. In the second one, the man sits down with her on a date and straight up tells her that he can't lose her and that they need to be married. All of these things that happen in these stories happen very quickly, in both it is as if they Just absolutely know for certain this Is their one true love and they very quickly decide to get married. Although these storie s are very similar In some aspects, they still have their differences. The story of the younger couple they come from opposite sides of the world, the man Is from Waco, Texas and the female Is from Bangkok, China.How they become acquainted Is from their names, somehow these two different people have the same exact name, and her work email ended up In his inbox one day by mistake therefore leading to their start In conversation. While In the second film they are from the same place, and they most definitely do not have the same name as In the first video. Finally, there Is a tragic flaw; In the second film the older gentleman ends up receiving terrible news of having terminal cancer so the woman ends up losing the true love of her life. Fortunately this did not happen to the younger couple that was In the first video. Personal Response By Dalton-SnowMIFF com I it is as if they Just absolutely know for certain this is their one true love and they very quickly decide to get married. Al though these stories are very similar in some from opposite sides of the world, the man is from Waco, Texas and the female is from Bangkok, China. How they become acquainted is from their names, somehow these two different people have the same exact name, and her work email ended up in his inbox one day by mistake therefore leading to their start in conversation. While in the same name as in the first video. Finally, there is a tragic flaw; in the second film younger couple that was in the first video.

Corporate Social Responsibility & Wal-Mart

An overview of Wal-Mart. In 2005, parts of Louisiana had the worst flooding on record. Thousands of people's lives were in danger and millions of Americans watched in horror as thousands of Americans were lying in the street without the essentials of life, some were clinging to roof tops, and lying in the streets without food, clothing or shelter. Wal-Mart saw the need to step in and help and reach out. † Inspired by its role in helping Katrina victims, Wal-Mart looked at the impact a company its size could have throughout the world on a daily basis if it embraced corporate social responsibility† (CSR). Ferdinand p. 1) Recently, Haiti and Chili were hit with devastating earthquakes. Who is responsible to help? Wal-Mart felt socially responsible to help. Each business is responsible for having a code of conduct and acting in accordance of its economics, commercial and social goals. Ethical standards should be a part of all businesses. The goal is to practice ethical behavi or and always have an intention to being honest, fair and truthful. This is being socially responsible.Social Responsibility is: â€Å"Obligation of an organization's management towards the welfare and interests of the society which provides it the environment and resources to survive and flourish, and which is affected by the organization's actions and policies† (Business dictionary). Walmart has accepted social responsibility as a part of its organization. It has worked very hard in the past several years to show how it is not just responsible for its employees, but it is also socially responsible to help a society that needs its products and services on many levels.Jag will explain the policies and procedures of social responsibility. Wal-Mart's mission statement: â€Å"Saving people money, so they can live better† speaks to the value that Walmart places in corporate social responsibility. Walmart has a philosophy of operating globally while giving back locally. Acc ording to Wal-Mart's corporate website, Walmart provides â€Å"financial and volunteer support to more than 100,000 charitable and community-focused organizations†. The Walmart Foundation was developed to help support large and small organizations with programs that serve on state and national levels.In addition to monetary giving and in-kind donations, Walmart has set responsible sourcing initiatives with its global suppliers to create meaningful and positive change, both environmentally and socially. For example, Walmart is requiring â€Å"all direct import suppliers to source 95 percent of their production from factories that receive one of two highest audit ratings for social and environmental practices. † Furthermore, Walmart uses an approach called â€Å"Sustainability 360† which is a business strategy developed to minimize waste, increase efficiency and find ways to support communities and suppliers that make the business successful.This approach involves redesigning its stores to be more energy efficient and produce lower greenhouse gas emissions, reducing its carbon footprint from its fleet of trucks, reducing plastic bag waste by offering reusable bags, encouraging suppliers to develop more environmentally friendly packaging of products to help reduce waste, and even training its Ethical Sourcing auditors to be tasked with supplier development, or special investigation functions. Furthermore, Walmart carries energy efficient products that are good for the environment, and ultimately help consumers save on energy bills.These products are featured in weekly promotions to help create awareness and educate on energy efficiency. For a company the size of Walmart, the need to be socially responsible is vital is sustaining business. Work Referenced: Business Dictionary. (2010) Social Responsibility. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/social-responsibility. html Ferdinand, A. (2007) Wal-Mart d etermined to lead in Corporate responsibility. Retrieved December 6, 2010, http://www. mccombs. utexas. edu/news/pressreleases/Blackwell07. asp

Exploring the Biological Perspective on Depression

Approximately 80% of people who experience depression are currently not receiving any treatment. This statistic Is sad because depression Is one of the most treatable Illnesses. If treated with the proper medication and or therapy, 80% to 90% will find relief. By the year 2020, depression will be the second most common health problem in the world (SYS). I believe depression to be a very Interesting topic because as common as depression is, there is still a stigma attached to â€Å"being depressed. † I currently suffer from depression and would like to know more about it and the different treatments that are available.In this study, I will explain, discuss, and elaborate upon the point of view, assumptions, strengths, and weaknesses of the biological perspective on depression. The biological perspective focuses on how the brain functions and the influence of genetics on behavior. Therefore, the biological perspective explains depression as it relates to the functions of the bra in. There are roughly ten million cells, called neurons, In your brain and each neuron connects to another neuron. When the connection is made, it is in the form of an electrical impulse which travels down the connections between neurons.The neurons that carry these electrical impulses contain small gaps called synapses. These are important because they allow electrical activity, and hence brain functioning, to take place. In order for an impulse (or message) to go from one neuron across the synapse to another neuron. A number of important enzymes, called neurotransmitters, have to come into play. In total there six different groups of neurotransmitters and each one is specific to a particular type of brain cell. From the point of view of depression, the main neurotransmitters are serotonin and noradrenalin, sometimes called morphogenesis Priest).When we are depressed, physical changes take place within our bodies. The most Important of these changes takes place within the brain. It Is on this basis that depression is considered a physical illness, rather than merely something psychological or something that exists only in the imagination or perception of the ‘OFF sufferer (Pretest). I nerve Is a null degree AT variation among people Walt depression In terms of symptoms, course of illness, and response to treatment, indicating that depression may have a number of complex and interacting causes.These varying actors pose a major challenge to researchers attempting to understand and treat the disorder (Psych Central). However, recent advances in research technology are bringing National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) scientists closer than ever before to characterizing the biology and physiology of depression in its different forms and to the possibility of identifying effective treatments for individuals based on symptom presentation.People who suffer from depression have low levels of these two neurotransmitters, and this is thought to lead to the main symptoms of low mood, owe-energy, depressed outlook on life, disturbed sleep and a low drive or arousal which relates back to the definition of depression. The strengths of the biological perspective that relate to depression are the fact that depression is mainly a result of low levels of certain neurotransmitters. Another reason could be an imbalance of hormones, which would explain why nearly twice as many women as men are affected by a depressive illness each year.The influence of hormones on depression in women has been an active area of NIMH research. One recent study was the first to demonstrate that the troublesome depressive mood wings and physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (MS), a disorder affecting 3% to 7% of menstruating women, results from an abnormal response to normal hormone changes during the menstrual cycle. The hormonal system that regulates the body response to stress is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HAP) axis. It is overactive in many patients wi th depression.The hypothalamus, the brain region responsible for managing hormone release from glands throughout the body, increases production of a substance called corporation releasing factor (CRY), when a threat to physical or psychological well-being is detected. Elevated levels and effects of CRY lead to increased hormone secretion by the pituitary and adrenal glands which prepares the body for defensive action. NIMH research suggests that persistent over activation of this hormonal system may lay the groundwork for depression.The elevated CRY levels detectable in depressed patients are reduced by treatment with antidepressant drugs or ACT, and this reduction corresponds to improvement in depressive symptoms [ (Psych Central) In the sixties, the biological perspective became dominant due to numerous breakthroughs in genetics, psychopathology, neurophysiology, and brain research. Genetic research has also been able to show support that biological elements play a strong role in depression.Close relatives of people who suffer from depression were found to be more susceptible to depression in comparison to people of the general population. There has been extensive research done on trying to identify the gene that causes depression. However, it has been hard to identify the gene and researchers feel that there are several genes that contribute to depression, meaning that each gene makes a small contribution. Psychopathology provides more evidence that the biological perspective is the primary Doctor In oppression. Ever ten past cache, targeted rug eagles NAS lea to significant advances in the pharmacological management of depression. In the sass the introduction of the selective serotonin eruptive inhibitors (Girls), into clinical medicine was heralded as the â€Å"first class† of antidepressants with a selective action on a key neurological target in depression, namely serotonin. The selective serotonin eruptive inhibitors (Girls) are the most widely used antidepressants cause they are easy to use, and their side effects are better tolerated than those of older antidepressants.The most frequently used Girls are Florentine (Approach), serialize (Zloty), parenting (Paxar), and Catalonian (Clean). A newer antidepressant is ventilating (Officer), which is closely related to the Girls. Antidepressant medications take several weeks to be clinically effective even though they begin to alter brain chemistry with the very first dose. Research now indicates that antidepressant effects result from slow-onset adaptive changes within the neurons.The fact that a depressed person can take an antidepressant and feel better proves that depression is mainly the result of the biological perspective [ (â€Å"Pharmacology and Depression† Pumped. Gob) Neurophysiology is a branch of clinical psychology that studies how the brain and nervous system affect how we function on a daily basis. Unlike the use of normalizing techniques such as MR., CT scans and Egg's where the focus is on nervous system structures, neurophysiology seeks to understand how the various components of the brain are able to do their Jobs.Clinical neurophysiology makes SE of various assessment methods to ascertain function and dysfunction and applies this knowledge to evaluate, treat, and rehabilitate individuals with suspected or demonstrated neurological or psychological problems [ (Rightful. Com) In the past decade, there have been significant advances in our ability to investigate brain function at multiple levels. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is collaborating with various scientific disciplines to effectively utilize the tools of molecular and cellular biology and genetics.Modern brain imaging technologies re revealing that in depression, neural circuits responsible for the regulation of moods, thinking, sleep, appetite, and behavior fail to function properly, and that critical neurotransmitters, chemicals used by nerve cells to c ommunicate, are perhaps out of balance [ (Psych Central) The weaknesses of the biological perspective are that it does not take into account your environment, society, and culture. The behavioral perspective explains mental illness as a learned response to stimuli. From a behavioral perspective, learning theorists assume that depression and the lack of reinforcement are related.Most researchers think that depression results from an interaction between the person's biological characteristics and psychological vulnerability and the occurrence of stressful events in his or her life [ (Huckleberry) The socio-cultural perspective describes depression as the result of social, economic, and cultural factors. Strong evidence of this is shown among people living in poverty. In addition, there are other factors, such as today's high rate of unemployment and victims of social disasters like war. In ten manliest perspective, a person's Taller to Tina meaning In Tie or to lawful their potential can be attributed to depression.Abraham Mascot was an American psychologist who was best known for his theory of human motivation, which led to a therapeutic technique known as self-actualization. Mascot proposed that an individual is motivated by a hierarchy of needs. A humans basic needs must be met before higher ones can be satisfied. Arranged in order from lowest to highest in a hierarchy, the needs are physiological (satisfaction of hunger and thirst), safety (security), belongingness and love (being loved, avoiding loneliness), esteem achievement, recognition, self-esteem), self-actualization (realization of one's full potential).Mascot also believed that the achievement of self-actualization is often marked by peak experiences, feelings of incredible peace and happiness in the course of life activities. When these, hierarchy of needs that Mascot talks about are not met like being lonely, having low self esteem, and not reaching ones full potential in correlation with the biol ogical factors, you have a recipe for depression. Carl Rogers, a clinical psychologist, used the theory of self-concept, which he defined as n organized pattern of perceived characteristics along with the values attached to those attributes.He also assumed that within each individual there is a biological drive toward growth of self-concept, which can ultimately lead to self-actualization. Rogers believed that while children's self-concept is developing, they may internalize conditions of worth, Judgments about the kinds of behaviors that will bring approval from others. He felt that to promote growth and development, parents and authority figures should give a child unconditional acceptance and love, which allows a child to evolve self-acceptance and to achieve self-actualization.To help his clients get back on the road to self-actualization, he developed a therapeutic approach called client- centered therapy, in which the therapist offers the client unconditional positive regard b y supporting the client regardless of what is said. The warm, sympathetic therapeutic environment allows the client to be freed of internalized conditions of worth and to resume the self-actualization process [ (Huckleberry) In conclusion, by exploring the different psychological perspectives, I had to take y blinders off in order gain a greater understanding of depression and how it relates to the perspectives.